HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/1
II
(Non-legislative acts)
DECISIONS
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION
of 28 February 2012
establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions under Directive 2010/75/EU of the
European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions for the manufacture of glass
(notified under document C(2012) 865)
(Text with EEA relevance)
(2012/134/EU)
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
(3)
‘BAT conclusions’ as defined in Article 3(12) of Directive
2010/75/EU are the key element of BAT reference
documents and lay down the conclusions on best
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European
available techniques, their description, information to
Union,
assess their applicability, the emission levels associated
with the best available techniques, associated monitoring,
associated consumption levels and, where appropriate,
relevant site remediation measures.
Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on
industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and
control) ( 1 ) and in particular Article 13(5) thereof,
(4) In
accordance with Article 14(3) of Directive
2010/75/EU, BAT conclusions are to be the reference
for setting permit conditions for installations covered
Whereas:
by Chapter 2 of that Directive.
(1) Article
13(1)
of
Directive
2010/75/EU
requires
the
Commission to organise an exchange of information
(5) Article
15(3)
of
Directive
2010/75/EU
requires
the
on industrial emissions between it and Member States,
competent authority to set emission limit values that
the industries concerned and non-governmental organi
ensure that, under normal operating conditions,
sations promoting environmental protection in order to
emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated
facilitate the drawing up of best available techniques
with the best available techniques as laid down in the
(BAT) reference documents as defined in Article 3(11)
decisions on BAT conclusions referred to in Article 13(5)
of that Directive.
of Directive 2010/75/EU.

(2) In
accordance with Article 13(2) of Directive (6) Article
15(4)
of
Directive
2010/75/EU
provides
for
dero
2010/75/EU, the exchange of information is to address
gations from the requirement laid down in Article 15(3)
the performance of installations and techniques in terms
only where the costs associated with the achievement of
of emissions, expressed as short- and long-term averages,
emissions levels disproportionately outweigh the environ
where appropriate, and the associated reference
mental benefits due to the geographical location, the
conditions, consumption and nature of raw materials,
local environmental conditions or the technical character
water consumption, use of energy and generation of
istics of the installation concerned.
waste and the techniques used, associated monitoring,
cross-media effects, economic and technical viability
and developments therein and best available techniques
and emerging techniques identified after considering the
(7) Article
16(1)
of
Directive
2010/75/EU
provides
that
the
issues mentioned in points (a) and (b) of Article 13(2) of
monitoring requirements in the permit referred to in
that Directive.
point (c) of Article 14(1) of the Directive are to be
based on the conclusions on monitoring as described
( 1 ) OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17.
in the BAT conclusions.

---

L 70/2
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
(8) In
accordance with Article 21(3) of Directive (11) The measures provided for in this Decision are in
2010/75/EU, within 4 years of publication of decisions
accordance with the opinion of the Committee estab
on BAT conclusions, the competent authority is to
lished by Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU,
reconsider and, if necessary, update all the permit
conditions and ensure that the installation complies
with those permit conditions.
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
Article 1
(9) Commission
Decision
of
16
May
2011
establishing
a The BAT conclusions for the manufacture of glass are set out in
forum for the exchange of information pursuant to
the Annex to this Decision.
Article 13 of Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial
emissions ( 1 ) established a forum composed of represen
tatives of Member States, the industries concerned and
Article 2
non-governmental organisations promoting environ
mental protection.
This Decision is addressed to the Member States.
Done at Brussels, 28 February 2012.
(10) In accordance with Article 13(4) of Directive
2010/75/EU, the Commission obtained the opinion ( 2 )
For the Commission
of that forum on the proposed content of the BAT
reference document for the manufacture of glass on
Janez POTONIK
13 September 2011 and made it publicly available.
Member of the Commission
( 1 ) OJ C 146, 17.5.2011, p. 3.
( 2 ) http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/ied/library?l=/ied_art_13_forum/
opinions_article

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/3
ANNEX
BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Averaging periods and reference conditions for air emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Conversion to reference oxygen concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Conversion from concentrations to specific mass emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Definitions for certain air pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Averaging periods for waste water discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.1.
General BAT conclusions for the glass manufacturing industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.1.1. Environmental management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.1.2. Energy efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.1.3. Materials storage and handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.1.4. General primary techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.1.5. Emissions to water from glass manufacturing processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.6. Waste from the glass manufacturing processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.1.7. Noise from the glass manufacturing processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.2.
BAT conclusions for container glass manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.1. Dust emissions from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.2.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.2.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.5. Metals from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.2.6. Emissions from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.3.
BAT conclusions for flat glass manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.1. Dust emissions from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
1.3.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1.3.5. Metals from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1.3.6. Emissions from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27

---

L 70/4
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
1.4.
BAT conclusions for continuous filament glass fibre manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.4.1. Dust emissions from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.4.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.4.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.4.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
1.4.5. Metals from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
1.4.6. Emissions from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
1.5.
BAT conclusions for domestic glass manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.5.1. Dust emissions from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.5.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
1.5.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
1.5.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
1.5.5. Metals from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
1.5.6. Emissions from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
1.6.
BAT conclusions for special glass manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
1.6.1. Dust emissions from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
1.6.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
1.6.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
1.6.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
1.6.5. Metals from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
1.6.6. Emissions from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
1.7.
BAT conclusions for mineral wool manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.7.1. Dust emissions from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
1.7.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
1.7.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
1.7.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
1.7.5. Hydrogen
sulphide
(H 2 S) from stone wool melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
1.7.6. Metals from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
1.7.7. Emissions from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
1.8.
BAT conclusions for high temperature insulation wools (HTIW) manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
1.8.1. Dust emissions from melting and downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
1.8.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting and downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/5
1.8.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting and downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
1.8.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
1.8.5. Metals from melting furnaces and downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
1.8.6. Volatile organic compounds from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
1.9.
BAT conclusions for frits manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
1.9.1. Dust emissions from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
1.9.2. Nitrogen
oxides
(NO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
1.9.3. Sulphur
oxides
(SO X ) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
1.9.4. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
1.9.5. Metals from melting furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
1.9.6. Emissions from downstream processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Glossary: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
1.10. Description of techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
1.10.1. Dust emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
1.10.2. NO X emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
1.10.3. SO X emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
1.10.4. HCl, HF emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
1.10.5. Metal emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
1.10.6. Combined gaseous emissions (e.g. SO X , HCl, HF, boron compounds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
1.10.7. Combined emissions (solid + gaseous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
1.10.8. Emissions from cutting, grinding, polishing operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
1.10.9. H 2 S, VOC emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62

---

L 70/6
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
SCOPE
These BAT conclusions concern the industrial activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, namely:
— 3.3. Manufacture of glass including glass fibre with a melting capacity exceeding 20 tonnes per day;
— 3.4. Melting mineral substances including the production of mineral fibres with a melting capacity exceeding
20 tonnes per day.
These BAT conclusions do not address the following activities:
— Production of water glass, covered by the reference document Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Solids and Other
Industry (LVIC-S)
— Production of polycrystalline wool
— Production of mirrors, covered by the reference document Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents (STS)
Other reference documents which are of relevance for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions are the following:
Reference documents Activity
Emissions from Storage (EFS) Storage
and
handling
of
raw
materials
Energy Efficiency (ENE) General
energy
efficiency
Economic and Cross-Media Effects (ECM) Economics
and
cross-media
effects
of
techniques
General Principles of Monitoring (MON) Emissions
and
consumption
monitoring
The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques
may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection.
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:
Term used Definition
New plant
A plant introduced on the site of the installation following
the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete
replacement of a plant on the existing foundations of the
installation following the publication of these BAT
conclusions
Existing plant A
plant
which
is
not
a
new
plant
New furnace A
furnace
introduced
on
the
site
of
the
installation
following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a
complete rebuild of a furnace following the publication of
these BAT conclusions
Normal furnace rebuild A
rebuild
between
campaigns
without
a
significant
change
in furnace requirements or technology and in which the
furnace frame is not significantly adjusted and the furnace
dimensions remain basically unchanged. The refractory of
the furnace and, where appropriate, the regenerators are
repaired by the full or partial replacement of the material.
Complete furnace rebuild A
rebuild
involving
a
major
change
in
the
furnace
requirements or technology and with major adjustment
or replacement of the furnace and associated equipments.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Averaging periods and reference conditions for air emissions
Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for air emissions given
in these BAT conclusions apply under the reference conditions shown in Table 1. All values for concentrations in waste
gases refer to standard conditions: dry gas, temperature 273,15 K, pressure 101,3 kPa.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/7
For discontinuous measurements BAT-AELs
refer
to
the
average
value
of
three
spot
samples
of at least 30 minutes each; for regenerative furnaces the
measuring period should cover a minimum of two firing
reversals of the regenerator chambers
For continuous measurements BAT-AELs
refer
to
daily
average
values
Table 1
Reference conditions for BAT-AELs concerning air emissions
Activities Unit Reference
conditions
Melting activities Conventional
melting mg/Nm 3
8 % oxygen by volume
furnace in continuous
melters
Conventional melting
mg/Nm 3
13 % oxygen by volume
furnace in discon
tinuous melters
Oxy-fuel-fired furnaces kg/tonne
melted
glass The expression of emission levels
measured as mg/Nm 3 to a reference
oxygen concentration is not applicable
Electric furnaces mg/Nm 3
The expression of emission levels
or
measured as mg/Nm 3 to a reference
kg/tonne melted glass
oxygen concentration is not applicable
Frit melting furnaces mg/Nm 3
Concentrations refer to 15 % oxygen by
or
volume.
kg/tonne melted frit
When air-gas firing is used, BAT AELs
expressed as emission concentration
(mg/Nm 3 ) apply.
When only oxy-fuel firing is employed,
BAT AELs expressed as specific mass
emissions (kg/tonne melted frit) apply.
When oxygen-enriched air-fuel firing is
used, BAT AELs expressed as either
emission concentration (mg/Nm 3 ) or as
specific mass emissions (kg/tonne
melted frit) apply
All type of furnaces kg/tonne
melted
glass The
specific
mass
emissions
refer
to
1 tonne of melted glass
Non-melting activities, All processes mg/Nm 3
No correction for oxygen
including downstream
processes
All processes kg/tonne
glass The
specific
mass
emissions
refer
to
1 tonne of produced glass
Conversion to reference oxygen concentration
The formula for calculating the emissions concentration at a reference oxygen level (see Table 1) is shown below.
21 – O
E

R

R 21 – O M E M
Where:
E R (mg/Nm 3 ): emissions
concentration
corrected
to
the
reference
oxygen
level
O R
O R (vol %):
reference oxygen level
E M (mg/Nm 3 ): emissions concentration referred to the measured oxygen level O M
O M (vol %):
measured oxygen level.

---

L 70/8
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Conversion from concentrations to specific mass emissions
BAT-AELs given in Sections 1.2 to 1.9 as specific mass emissions (kg/tonne melted glass) are based on the calculation
reported below except for oxy-fuel fired furnaces and, in a limited number of cases, for electric melting where BAT-AELs
given in kg/tonne melted glass were derived from specific reported data.
The calculation procedure used for the conversion from concentrations to specific mass emissions is shown below.
Specific mass emission (kg/tonne of melted glass) = conversion factor × emissions concentration (mg/Nm 3 )
Where: conversion
factor
=
(Q/P)
×
10 –6
with Q
=
waste
gas
volume
in
Nm 3 /h
P = pull rate in tonnes of melted glass/h.
The waste gas volume (Q) is determined by the specific energy consumption, type of fuel, and the oxidant (air, air
enriched by oxygen and oxygen with purity depending on the production process). The energy consumption is a complex
function of (predominantly) the type of furnace, the type of glass and the cullet percentage.
However, a range of factors can influence the relationship between concentration and specific mass flow, including:
— type of furnace (air preheating temperature, melting technique)
— type of glass produced (energy requirement for melting)
— energy mix (fossil fuel/electric boosting)
— type of fossil fuel (oil, gas)
— type of oxidant (oxygen, air, oxygen-enriched air)
— cullet percentage
— batch composition
— age of the furnace
— furnace size.
The conversion factors given in Table 2 have been used for converting BAT-AELs from concentrations into specific mass
emissions.
The conversion factors have been determined on the basis of energy efficient furnaces and relate only to full air/fuel-fired
furnaces.
Table 2
Indicative factors used for converting mg/Nm 3 into kg/tonne of melted glass based on energy efficient fuel-air
furnaces
Sectors
Factors to convert
mg/Nm 3 into kg/tonne of melted glass
Flat glass 2,5
×
10 –3
Container glass General
case 1,5
×
10 –3
Specific cases ( 1 ) Case-by-case
study
(often 3,0 × 10 –3 )
Continuous filament glass fibre 4,5
×
10 –3

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/9
Sectors
Factors to convert
mg/Nm 3 into kg/tonne of melted glass
Domestic glass Soda
lime 2,5
×
10 –3
Specific cases ( 2 ) Case-by-case
study
(between 2,5 and > 10 × 10 –3 ; often 3,0 × 10 –3 )
Mineral wool Glass
wool 2
×
10 –3
Stone wool cupola 2,5
×
10 –3
Special glass TV
glass
(panels) 3
×
10 –3
TV glass (funnel) 2,5
×
10 –3
Borosilicate (tube) 4
×
10 –3
Glass ceramics 6,5
×
10 –3
Lighting glass (soda-lime) 2,5
×
10 –3
Frits Case-by-case
study
(between 5 – 7,5 × 10 –3 )
( 1 ) Specific cases correspond to less favourable cases (i.e. small special furnaces with a production of generally below 100 tonnes/day and a
cullet rate of below 30 %). This category represents only 1 or 2 % of the container glass production.
( 2 ) Specific cases corresponding to less favourable cases and/or non-soda-lime glasses: borosilicates, glass ceramic, crystal glass and, less
frequently, lead crystal glass.
DEFINITIONS FOR CERTAIN AIR POLLUTANTS
For the purpose of these BAT conclusions and for the BAT-AELs reported in Sections 1.2 to 1.9, the following definitions
apply:
NO X expressed as NO 2
The sum of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide
(NO 2 ) expressed as NO 2
SO X expressed as SO 2
The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulphur trioxide
(SO 3 ) expressed as SO 2
Hydrogen chloride expressed as HCl All
gaseous
chlorides
expressed
as
HCl
Hydrogen fluoride expressed as HF All
gaseous
fluorides
expressed
as
HF
AVERAGING PERIODS FOR WASTE WATER DISCHARGES
Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for waste water
emissions given in these BAT conclusions refer to the average value of a composite sample taken over a period of
2 hours or 24 hours.
1.1. General BAT conclusions for the manufacture of glass
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all installations.
The process-specific BAT included in Sections 1.2 – 1.9 apply in addition to the general BAT mentioned in this section.
1.1.1. E n v i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m s
1. BAT is to implement and adhere to an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the
following features:
(i) commitment of the management, including senior management;
(ii) definition of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement for the installation by the
management;

---

L 70/10
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
(iii) planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunction with financial planning
and investment;
(iv) implementation of the procedures paying particular attention to:
(a) structure and responsibility
(b) training, awareness and competence
(c) communication
(d) employee involvement
(e) documentation
(f) efficient process control
(g) maintenance programmes
(h) emergency preparedness and response
(i) safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation.
(v) checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to:
(a) monitoring and measurement (see also the reference document on the General Principles of Monitoring)
(b) corrective and preventive action
(c) maintenance of records
(d) independent (where practicable) internal or external auditing in order to determine whether or not the EMS
conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;
(vi) review of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by senior management;
(vii) following the development of cleaner technologies;
(viii) consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the installation at the stage of
designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life;
(ix) application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis.
Applicability
The scope (e.g. level of details) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) will generally be related to
the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
1.1.2. E n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y
2. BAT
is
to
reduce
the
specific
energy
consumption
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the
following
techniques:
Technique Applicability
(i) Process optimisation, through the control of the The techniques are generally applicable
operating parameters
(ii) Regular maintenance of the melting furnace
(iii) Optimisation of the furnace design and the selection Applicable for new plants.
of the melting technique
For existing plants, the implementation requires a complete
rebuild of the furnace
(iv) Application of combustion control techniques Applicable
to
fuel/air
and
oxy-fuel
fired
furnaces

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/11
Technique Applicability
(v) Use of increasing levels of cullet, where available and Not applicable to the continuous filament glass fibre, high
economically and technically viable
temperature insulation wool and frits sectors
(vi) Use of a waste heat boiler for energy recovery, where Applicable to fuel/air and oxy-fuel fired furnaces.
technically and economically viable
The applicability and economic viability of the technique is
dictated by the overall efficiency that may be obtained,
including the effective use of the steam generated
(vii) Use of batch and cullet preheating, where technically Applicable to fuel/air and oxy-fuel fired furnaces.
and economically viable
The applicability is normally restricted to batch
compositions with more than 50 % cullet
1.1.3. M a t e r i a l s s t o r a g e a n d h a n d l i n g
3. BAT is to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce diffuse dust emissions from the storage and handling
of solid materials by using one or a combination of the following techniques:
I. Storage of raw materials
(i) Store bulk powder materials in enclosed silos equipped with a dust abatement system (e.g. fabric filter)
(ii) Store fine materials in enclosed containers or sealed bags
(iii) Store under cover stockpiles of coarse dusty materials
(iv) Use of road cleaning vehicles and water damping techniques
II. Handling of raw materials
Technique Applicability
(i) For materials which are transported by above ground, The techniques are generally applicable
use enclosed conveyors to prevent material loss
(ii) Where pneumatic conveying is used, apply a sealed
system equipped with a filter to clean the transport
air before release
(iii) Moistening of the batch The
use
of
this
technique
is
limited
by
the
negative
consequences on the furnace energy efficiency.
Restrictions may apply to some batch formulations, in
particular for borosilicate glass production
(iv) Application of a slightly negative pressure within the Applicable only as an inherent aspect of operation
furnace
(i.e. melting furnaces for frits production) due to a detri
mental impact on furnace energy efficiency
(v) Use of raw materials that do not cause decrepitation Applicable within the constraints associated with the
phenomena (mainly dolomite and limestone). These availability of raw materials
phenomena consist of minerals that ‘crackle’ when
exposed to heat, with a consequent potential
increase of dust emissions
(vi) Use of an extraction which vents to a filter system in The techniques are generally applicable
processes where dust is likely to be generated (e.g. bag
opening, frits batch mixing, fabric filter dust disposal,
cold-top melters)
(vii) Use of enclosed screw feeders
(viii) Enclosure of feed pockets Generally
applicable.
Cooling
may
be
necessary
to
avoid
damage to the equipment

---

L 70/12
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
4. BAT is to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce diffuse gaseous emissions from the storage and
handling of volatile raw materials by using one or a combination of the following techniques:
(i) Use of tank paint with low solar absorbency for bulk storage subject to temperature changes due to solar heating.
(ii) Control of temperature in the storage of volatile raw materials.
(iii) Tank insulation in the storage of volatile raw materials.
(iv) Inventory management
(v) Use of floating roof tanks in the storage of large quantities of volatile petroleum products.
(vi) Use of vapour return transfer systems in the transfer of volatile fluids (e.g. from tank trucks to storage tank).
(vii) Use of bladder roof tanks in the storage of liquid raw materials.
(viii) Use of pressure/vacuum valves in tanks designed to withstand pressure fluctuations.
(ix) Application of a release treatment (e.g. adsorption, absorption, condensation) in the storage of hazardous materials.
(x) Application of subsurface filling in the storage of liquids that tend to foam.
1.1.4. G e n e r a l p r i m a r y t e c h n i q u e s
5.
BAT is to reduce energy consumption and emissions to air by carrying out a constant monitoring of the operational
parameters and a programmed maintenance of the melting furnace.
Technique Applicability
The technique consists of a series of monitoring and main Applicable to regenerative, recuperative, and oxy-fuel fired
tenance operations which can be used individually or in furnaces.
combination appropriate to the type of furnace, with the
aim of minimising the ageing effects on the furnace, such The applicability to other types of furnaces requires an
as sealing the furnace and burner blocks, keep the installation-specific assessment
maximum insulation, control the stabilised flame
conditions, control the fuel/air ratio, etc.
6. BAT is to carry out a careful selection and control of all substances and raw materials entering the melting furnace
in order to reduce or prevent emissions to air by using one or a combination of the following techniques.
Technique Applicability
(i) Use of raw materials and external cullet with low levels Applicable within the constraints of the type of glass
of impurities (e.g. metals, chlorides, fluorides)
produced at the installation and the availability of raw
materials and fuels
(ii) Use of alternative raw materials (e.g. less volatile)
(iii) Use of fuels with low metal impurities

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/13
7. BAT is to carry out monitoring of emissions and/or other relevant process parameters on a regular basis, including
the following:
Technique Applicability
(i) Continuous monitoring of critical process parameters to The techniques are generally applicable
ensure process stability, e.g. temperature, fuel feed and airflow
(ii) Regular monitoring of process parameters to prevent/reduce
pollution, e.g. O 2 content of the combustion gases to control
the fuel/air ratio.
(iii) Continuous measurements of dust, NO X and SO 2 emissions
or discontinuous measurements at least twice per year,
associated with the control of surrogate parameters to
ensure that the treatment system is working properly
between measurements
(iv) Continuous or regular periodic measurements of NH 3 The techniques are generally applicable
emissions, when selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or
selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) techniques are
applied
(v) Continuous or regular periodic measurements of CO
emissions when primary techniques or chemical reduction
by fuel techniques are applied for NO X emissions reductions
or partial combustion may occur.
(vi) Regular periodic measurements of emissions of HCl, HF, CO The techniques are generally applicable
and metals, in particular when raw materials containing such
substances are used or partial combustion may occur
(vii) Continuous monitoring of surrogate parameters to ensure that
the waste gas treatment system is working properly and that
the emission levels are maintained between discontinuous
measurements. The monitoring of surrogate parameters
includes: reagent feed, temperature, water feed, voltage, dust
removal, fan speed, etc.
8. BAT
is
to
operate
the
waste
gas
treatment
systems
during
normal
operating
conditions
at
optimal
capacity
and
availability in order to prevent or reduce emissions
Applicability
Special procedures can be defined for specific operating conditions, in particular:
(i) during start-up and shutdown operations
(ii) during other special operations which could affect the proper functioning of the systems (e.g. regular and extra
ordinary maintenance work and cleaning operations of the furnace and/or of the waste gas treatment system, or
severe production change)
(iii) in the case of insufficient waste gas flow or temperature which prevents the use of the system at full capacity.
9. BAT is to limit carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from the melting furnace, when applying primary techniques or
chemical reduction by fuel, for the reduction of NO X emissions
Technique Applicability
Primary techniques for the reduction of NO X emissions are based Applicable to conventional air/fuel fired furnaces.
on combustion modifications (e.g. reduction of air/fuel ratio, staged
combustion low-NO X burners, etc.). Chemical reduction by fuel
consists of the addition of hydrocarbon fuel to the waste gas
stream to reduce the NO X formed in the furnace.
The increase in CO emissions due to the application of these
techniques can be limited by a careful control of the operational
parameters

---

L 70/14
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Table 3
BAT-AELs for carbon monoxide emissions from melting furnaces
Parameter BAT-AEL
Carbon monoxide, expressed as CO <
100
mg/Nm 3
10. BAT
is
to
limit
ammonia
(NH 3 ) emissions, when applying selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-
catalytic reduction (SNCR) techniques for a high efficiency NO X emissions reduction
Technique Applicability
The technique consists of adopting and maintaining suitable Applicable to melting furnaces fitted with SCR or
operating conditions of the SCR or SNCR waste gas treatment SNCR
systems, with the aim of limiting emissions of unreacted ammonia
Table 4
BAT-AELs for ammonia emissions, when SCR or SNCR techniques are applied
Parameter BAT-AELs
( 1 )
Ammonia, expressed as NH 3
< 5 – 30 mg/Nm 3
( 1 ) The higher levels are associated with higher inlet NO X concentrations, higher reduction rates and the ageing of the catalyst.
11. BAT is to reduce boron emissions from the melting furnace, when boron compounds are used in the batch
formulation, by using one or a combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Operation of a filtration system at a suitable temperature The applicability to existing plants may be limited by
for enhancing the separation of boron compounds in the technical constraints associated with the position and
solid state, taking into account that some boric acid species characteristics of the existing filter system
may be present in the flue-gas as gaseous compounds at
temperatures below 200 °C, but also as low as 60 °C
(ii) Use of dry or semi-dry scrubbing in combination with a The applicability may be limited by a decreased
filtration system
removal efficiency of other gaseous pollutants (SO X ,
HCl, HF) caused by the deposition of boron
compounds on the surface of the dry alkaline reagent
(iii) Use of wet scrubbing The
applicability
to
existing
plants
may
be
limited
by
the need of a specific waste water treatment
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.1, 1.10.4 and 1.10.6.
Monitoring
The monitoring of boron emissions should be carried out according to a specific methodology which allows
measurement of both solid and gaseous forms and to determine the effective removal of these species from the flue gases.
1.1.5. E m i s s i o n s t o w a t e r f r o m g l a s s m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s e s
12. BAT
is
to
reduce
water
consumption
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the
following
techniques:
Technique Applicability
(i) Minimisation of spillages and leaks The
technique
is
generally
applicable
(ii) Reuse of cooling and cleaning waters after purging The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
Recirculation of scrubbing water is applicable to most
scrubbing systems; however, periodic discharge and
replacement of the scrubbing medium may be
necessary

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/15
Technique Applicability
(iii) Operate a quasi-closed loop water system as far as tech The applicability of this technique may be limited by
nically and economically feasible
the constraints associated with the safety management
of the production process. In particular:
— open circuit cooling may be used when safety
issues require for it (e.g. incidents when large quan
tities of glass need to be cooled)
— water used in some specific process (e.g. down
stream activities in the continuous filament glass
fibre sector, acid polishing in the domestic and
special glass sectors, etc.) may have to be
discharged in total or in part to the waste water
treatment system
13. BAT is to reduce the emission load of pollutants in the waste water discharges by using one or a combination of
the following waste water treatment systems:
Technique Applicability
(i) Standard pollution control techniques, such as The techniques are generally applicable
settlement, screening, skimming, neutralisation,
filtration, aeration, precipitation, coagulation and floc
culation, etc.
Standard good practice techniques to control emissions
from storage of liquid raw materials and intermediates,
such as containments, inspection/testing of tanks,
overfill protection, etc.
(ii) Biological treatment systems, such as activated sludge, The applicability is limited to the sectors which use organic
biofiltration to remove/degrade the organic compounds substances in the production process (e.g. continuous
filament glass fibre and mineral wool sectors)
(iii) Discharge to municipal waste water treatment
Applicable to installations where further reduction of
pollutants is necessary
Plants
(iv) External reuse of waste waters The
applicability
is
generally
limited
to
the
frits
sector
(possible reuse in the ceramic industry)
Table 5
BAT-AELs for waste water discharges to surface waters from the manufacture of glass
Parameter ( 1 ) Unit
BAT-AEL ( 2 )
(composite sample)
pH
— 6,5
–
9
Total suspended solids mg/l <
30
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l <
5
–
130
( 3 )
Sulphates, expressed as SO 2–
4
mg/l <
1
000
Fluorides, expressed as F –
mg/l <
6
( 4 )
Total hydrocarbons mg/l <
15
( 5 )
Lead, expressed as Pb mg/l <
0,05
–
0,3
( 6 )
Antimony, expressed as Sb mg/l <
0,5
Arsenic, expressed as As mg/l <
0,3
Barium, expressed as Ba mg/l <
3,0

---

L 70/16
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Parameter ( 1 ) Unit
BAT-AEL ( 2 )
(composite sample)
Zinc, expressed as Zn mg/l <
0,5
Copper, expressed as Cu mg/l <
0,3
Chromium, expressed as Cr mg/l <
0,3
Cadmium, expressed as Cd mg/l <
0,05
Tin, expressed as Sn mg/l <
0,5
Nickel, expressed as Ni mg/l <
0,5
Ammonia, expressed as NH 4
mg/l <
10
Boron, expressed as B mg/l <
1
–
3
Phenol mg/l <
1
( 1 ) The relevance of the pollutants listed in the table depends on the sector of the glass industry and on the different activities carried out
at the plant.
( 2 ) The levels refer to a composite sample taken over a time period of 2 hours or 24 hours.
( 3 ) For the continuous filament glass fibre sector, BAT-AEL is < 200 mg/l.
( 4 ) The level refers to treated water coming from activities involving acid polishing.
( 5 ) In general, total hydrocarbons are composed of mineral oils.
( 6 ) The higher level of the range is associated with downstream processes for the production of lead crystal glass.
1.1.6. W a s t e f r o m t h e g l a s s m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s e s
14. BAT is to reduce the production of solid waste to be disposed of by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique Applicability
(i) Recycling of waste batch materials, where quality The applicability may be limited by the constraints
requirements allow for it
associated with the quality of the final glass product
(ii) Minimising material losses during the storage and The technique is generally applicable
handling of raw materials
(iii) Recycling of internal cullet from rejected production Generally,
not
applicable
to
the
continuous
filament
glass
fibre, high temperature insulation wool and frits sectors
(iv) Recycling of dust in the batch formulation where The applicability may be limited by different factors:
quality requirements allow for it
— quality requirements of the final glass product
— cullet percentage used in the batch formulation
— potential carryover phenomena and corrosion of the
refractory materials
— sulphur balance constraints
(v) Valorisation of solid waste and/or sludge through Generally applicable to the domestic glass sector (for lead
appropriate use on-site (e.g. sludge from water crystal cutting sludge) and to the container glass sector
treatment) or in other industries
(fine particles of glass mixed with oil).
Limited applicability to other glass manufacturing sectors
due to unpredictable, contaminated composition, low
volumes and economic viability
(vi) Valorisation of end-of-life refractory materials for The applicability is limited by the constraints imposed by
possible use in other industries
the refractory manufacturers and potential end-users
(vii) Applying cement bonded briquetting of waste for The applicability of cement bonded briquetting of waste is
recycling into hot blast cupola furnaces where limited to the stone wool sector.
quality requirements allow for it
A trade-off approach between air emissions and the
generation of solid waste stream should be undertaken

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/17
1.1.7. N o i s e f r o m t h e g l a s s m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s e s
15. BAT
is
to
reduce
noise
emissions
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the
following
techniques:
(i) Make an environmental noise assessment and formulate a noise management plan as appropriate to the local
environment
(ii) Enclose noisy equipment/operation in a separate structure/unit
(iii) Use embankments to screen the source of noise
(iv) Carry out noisy outdoor activities during the day
(v) Use noise protection walls or natural barriers (trees, bushes) between the installation and the protected area, on the
basis of local conditions.
1.2. BAT conclusions for container glass manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all container glass manufacturing
installations.
1.2.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
16. BAT is to reduce dust emissions from the waste gases of the melting furnace by applying a flue-gas cleaning
system such as an electrostatic precipitator or a bag filter.
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
The flue-gas cleaning systems consist of end-of-pipe tech The technique is generally applicable
niques based on the filtration of all materials that are solid
at the point of measurement
( 1 ) A description of filtration systems (i.e. electrostatic precipitator, bag filter) is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 6
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Dust <
10
–
20 <
0,015
–
0,06
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 1,5 × 10 –3 and 3 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and higher value of the range
respectively.
1.2.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
17. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
I. primary techniques, such as:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Combustion modifications
(a) Reduction of air/fuel ratio Applicable
to
air/fuel
conventional
furnaces.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace
rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and
geometry
(b) Reduced combustion air temperature Applicable
only
under
installation-specific
circumstances
due
to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use
of recuperative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces)

---

L 70/18
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(c) Staged combustion:
Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel
— Air staging
furnaces.
— Fuel staging
Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical
complexity
(d) Flue-gas recirculation The
applicability
of
this
technique
is
limited
to
the
use
of
special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas
(e) Low-NO X burners The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for
applications to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical
constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace
rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and
geometry
(f) Fuel choice The
applicability
is
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with
the availability of different types of fuel, which may be
impacted by the energy policy of the Member State
(ii) Special furnace design The
applicability
is
limited
to
batch
formulations
that
contain
high levels of external cullet (> 70 %).
The application requires a complete rebuild of the melting
furnace.
The shape of the furnace (long and narrow) may pose space
restrictions
(iii) Electric melting Not
applicable
for
large
volume
glass
productions
(> 300 tonnes/day).
Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations.
The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild
(iv) Oxy-fuel melting The
maximum
environmental
benefits
are
achieved
for
appli
cations at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
II. secondary techniques, such as:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) The
application
may
require
an
upgrade
of
the
dust
abatement
system in order to guarantee a dust concentration of below 10
– 15 mg/Nm 3 and a desulphurisation system for the removal
of SO X emissions.
Due to the optimum operating temperature window, the
applicability is limited to the use of electrostatic precipitators.
In general, the technique is not used with a bag filter system
because the low operating temperature, in the range of 180 –
200 °C, would require reheating of the waste gases.
The implementation of the technique may require significant
space availability
(ii) Selective non-catalytic reduction(SNCR) The
technique
is
applicable
to
recuperative
furnaces.
Very limited applicability to conventional regenerative
furnaces, where the correct temperature window is difficult
to access or does not allow a good mixing of the flue-gases
with the reagent.
It may be applicable to new regenerative furnaces equipped
with split regenerators; however, the temperature window is
difficult to maintain due to the reversal of fire between the
chambers that causes a cyclical temperature change
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/19
Table 7
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Combustion modifications,
500 – 800 0,75
–
1,2
special furnace designs ( 2 ) ( 3 )
Electric melting <
100 <
0,3
Oxy-fuel melting ( 4 ) Not
applicable <
0,5
–
0,8
Secondary techniques <
500 <
0,75
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for general cases (1,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied, with the exception of electric melting
(specific cases: 3 × 10 –3 ).
( 2 ) The lower value refers to the use of special furnace designs, where applicable.
( 3 ) These values should be reconsidered in the occasion of a normal or complete rebuild of the melting furnace.
( 4 ) The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content).
18. When
nitrates
are
used
in
the
batch
formulation
and/or
special
oxidising
combustion
conditions
are
required
in
the melting furnace for ensuring the quality of the final product, BAT is to reduce NO X emissions by minimising the use
of these raw materials, in combination with primary or secondary techniques
The BAT-AELs are set out in Table 7.
If nitrates are used in the batch formulation for short campaigns or for melting furnaces with a capacity of < 100 t/day,
the BAT-AEL is set out in Table 8.
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Primary techniques:
The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may
be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental
— Minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulation impact of the alternative materials
The use of nitrates is applied for very high quality
products (i.e. flacconage, perfume bottles and cosmetic
containers).
Effective alternative materials are sulphates, arsenic
oxides, cerium oxide.
The application of process modifications (e.g. special
oxidising combustion conditions) represents an alter
native to the use of nitrates
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 8
BAT-AEL for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector, when nitrates are used in
the batch formulation and/or special oxidising combustion conditions in cases of short campaigns or for melting
furnaces with a capacity of < 100 t/day
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Primary techniques <
1
000 <
3
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for specific cases (3 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.

---

L 70/20
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
1.2.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
19. BAT
is
to
reduce
SO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
(ii) Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch The minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch
formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance formulation is generally applicable within the constraints
of quality requirements of the final glass product.
The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a
trade-off approach between the removal of SO X emissions
and the management of the solid waste (filter dust).
The effective reduction of SO X emissions depends on the
retention of sulphur compounds in the glass which may
vary significantly depending on the glass type
(iii) Use of low sulphur content fuels The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels,
which may be impacted by the energy policy of the
Member State
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3.
Table 9
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 ) ( 2 )
Parameter Fuel
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 3 )
SO X expressed as SO 2
Natural gas <
200
–
500 <
0,3
–
0,75
Fuel oil ( 4 ) <
500
–
1
200 <
0,75
–
1,8
( 1 ) For special types of coloured glasses (e.g. reduced green glasses), concerns related to the achievable emission levels may require
investigating the sulphur balance. Values reported in the table may be difficult to achieve in combination with filter dust recycling
and the rate of recycling of external cullet.
( 2 ) The lower levels are associated with conditions where the reduction of SO X is a high priority over a lower production of solid waste
corresponding to the sulphate-rich filter dust.
( 3 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for general cases (1,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 4 ) The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques.
1.2.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
20.
BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace (possibly combined with flue-gases from hot-end
coating activities) by using one or a combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the
with a low content of chlorine and fluorine
type of glass produced at the installation and the avail
ability of raw materials
(ii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/21
Table 10
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl ( 2 ) <
10
–
20 <
0,02
–
0,03
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
1
–
5 <
0,001
–
0,008
( 1 ) The conversion factor for general cases, reported in Table 2 (1,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 2 ) The higher levels are associated with the simultaneous treatment of flue-gases from hot-end coating operations.
1.2.5. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
21. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a low The applicability may be limited by the
content of metals
constraints imposed by the type of glass
produced at the installation and the availability
(ii) Minimising the use of metal compounds in the batch formulation, of the raw materials
where colouring and decolourising of glass is needed, subject to
consumer glass quality requirements
(iii) Applying a filtration system (bag filter or electrostatic precipitator) The
techniques
are
generally
applicable
(iv) Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 11
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the container glass sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 4 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
0,2
–
1
( 5 )
< 0,3 – 1,5 × 10 –3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III ,
< 1 – 5
< 1,5 – 7,5 × 10 –3
Cu, Mn, V, Sn)
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) The lower levels are BAT-AELs when metal compounds are not intentionally used in the batch formulation.
( 3 ) The upper levels are associated with the use of metals for colouring or decolourising the glass, or when the flue-gases from the hot-end
coating operations are treated together with the melting furnace emissions.
( 4 ) The conversion factor for general cases, reported in Table 2 (1,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 5 ) In specific cases, when high quality flint glass is produced requiring higher amounts of selenium for decolourising (depending on the
raw materials), higher values are reported, up to 3 mg/Nm 3 .
1.2.6. E m i s s i o n s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
22. When
tin,
organotin
or
titanium
compounds
are
used
for
hot-end
coating
operations,
BAT
is
to
reduce
emissions
by using one or a combination of the following techniques:
Technique Applicability
(i) Minimising the losses of the coating product by ensuring a The technique is generally applicable
good sealing of the application system and applying an
effective extracting hood.
A good construction and sealing of the application system is
essential for minimising losses of unreacted product into the air

---

L 70/22
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Technique Applicability
(ii) Combining the flue-gas from the coating operations with the The combination with flue gases from the melting
waste gas from the melting furnace or with the combustion air furnace is generally applicable.
of the furnace, when a secondary treatment system is applied
(filter and dry or semi-dry scrubber).
The combination with combustion air may be
affected by technical constraints due to some
Based on the chemical compatibility, the waste gases from the potential effects on the glass chemistry and on
coating operations may be combined with other flue-gases the regenerator materials
before treatment. These two options may be applied:
— combination with the flue gases from the melting furnace,
upstream of a secondary abatement system (dry or semi-dry
scrubbing plus filtration system)
— combination with combustion air before entering the regen
erator, followed by secondary abatement treatment of the
waste gases generated during the melting process (dry or
semi-dry scrubbing + filtration system)
(iii) Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing, dry The techniques are generally applicable
scrubbing plus filtration ( 1 )
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.4 and 1.10.7.
Table 12
BAT-AELs for air emissions from hot-end coating activities in the container glass sector when the flue-gases
from downstream operations are treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Dust
< 10
Titanium compounds expressed as Ti <
5
Tin compounds, including organotin, expressed as Sn <
5
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl <
30
23. When
SO 3 is used for surface treatment operations, BAT is to reduce SO X emissions by using one or a
combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the product losses by ensuring a good The techniques are generally applicable
sealing of the application system
A good construction and maintenance of the appli
cation system is essential for minimising the losses of
unreacted product into the air
(ii) Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.6.
Table 13
BAT-AEL for SO X emissions from downstream activities when SO 3 is used for surface treatment operations in
the container glass sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
SO x , expressed as SO 2
< 100 – 200

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/23
1.3. BAT conclusions for flat glass manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all flat glass manufacturing
installations.
1.3.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
24. BAT
is
to
reduce
dust
emissions
from
the
waste
gases
of
the
melting
furnace
by
applying
an
electrostatic
precipitator or a bag filter system
A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 14
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Dust <
10
–
20 <
0,025
–
0,05
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
1.3.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
25. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
I. primary techniques, such as:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Combustion modifications
Applicable to air/fuel conventional furnaces.
(a) Reduction of air/fuel ratio
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
The applicability is restricted to small capacity furnaces for the
production of specialty flat glass and under installation-specific
(b) Reduced combustion air temperature
circumstances, due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel
demand (i.e. use of recuperative furnaces in place of regenerative
furnaces)
(c) Staged combustion:
Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces.
— Air staging
Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical
complexity
— Fuel staging
The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special
(d) Flue-gas recirculation
burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas
The technique is generally applicable.
The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for appli
cations to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical
(e) Low-NO X burners
constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the
(f) Fuel choice
availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by
the energy policy of the Member State

---

L 70/24
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(ii) Fenix process
The applicability is limited to cross-fired regenerative furnaces.
Based on the combination of a number of Applicable to new furnaces.
primary techniques for the optimisation of
the combustion of cross-fired regenerative For existing furnaces, the technique requires being directly inte
float furnaces. The main features are:
grated during the design and construction of the furnace, at a
complete furnace rebuild
— reduction of excess air
— suppression of hotspots and homogeni
sation of the flame temperatures
— controlled mixing of the fuel and
combustion air
The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications
(iii) Oxy-fuel melting
at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
II. secondary techniques, such as:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Applicable to regenerative furnaces.
(i) Chemical reduction by fuel
The applicability is limited by an increased fuel consumption and
consequent environmental and economic impact
The application may require an upgrade of the dust abatement
system in order to guarantee a dust concentration of below
10 – 15 mg/Nm 3 and a desulphurisation system for the removal
of SO X emissions
Due to the optimum operating temperature window, the applica
(ii) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
bility is limited to the use of electrostatic precipitators. In general,
the technique is not used with a bag filter system because the low
operating temperature, in the range of 180 – 200 °C, would
require reheating of the waste gases.
The implementation of the technique may require significant space
availability
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 15
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Combustion modifications,
700 – 800 1,75
–
2,0
Fenix process ( 3 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Oxy-fuel melting ( 4 ) Not
applicable <
1,25
–
2,0
Secondary techniques ( 5 ) 400
–
700 1,0
–
1,75
( 1 ) Higher emission levels are expected when nitrates are used occasionally for the production of special glasses.
( 2 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 3 ) The lower levels of the range are associated with the application of the Fenix process.
( 4 ) The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content).
( 5 ) The higher levels of the range are associated with existing plants until a normal or complete rebuild of the melting furnace. The lower
levels are associated with newer/retrofitted plants.
26. When
nitrates
are
used
in
the
batch
formulation,
BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions by minimising the use of these
raw materials, in combination with primary or secondary techniques. If secondary techniques are applied, the BAT-AELs
reported in Table 15 are applicable.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/25
If nitrates are used in the batch formulation for the production of special glasses in a limited number of short campaigns,
the BAT-AELs are set out in Table 16.
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Primary techniques:
minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formu
lation
The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may
The use of nitrates is applied for special productions be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental
(i.e. coloured glass).
impact of the alternative materials
Effective alternative materials are sulphates, arsenic
oxides, cerium oxide
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 16
BAT-AEL for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector, when nitrates are used in the
batch formulation for the production of special glasses in a limited number of short campaigns
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Primary techniques <
1
200 <
3
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for specific cases (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied
1.3.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
27. BAT
is
to
reduce
SO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination The technique is generally applicable
with a filtration system
(ii) Minimisation of the sulphur content in the The minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch formulation
batch formulation and optimisation of the is generally applicable within the constraints of quality
sulphur balance
requirements of the final glass product.
The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a trade-
off approach between the removal of SO X emissions and the
management of the solid waste (filter dust)
(iii) Use of low sulphur content fuels The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with
the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the
energy policy of the Member State
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3.
Table 17
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter Fuel
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
SO x expressedas SO 2
Natural gas <
300
–
500 <
0,75
–
1,25
Fuel oil ( 3 ) ( 4 ) 500
–
1
300 1,25
–
3,25
( 1 ) The lower levels are associated with conditions where the reduction of SO X has a high priority over a lower production of solid waste
corresponding to the sulphate-rich filter dust.
( 2 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 3 ) The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques.
( 4 ) For large flat glass furnaces, concerns related to the achievable emission levels may require investigating the sulphur balance. Values
reported in the table may be difficult to achieve in combination with filter dust recycling.

---

L 70/26
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
1.3.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
28. BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the
with a low content of chlorine and fluorine
type of glass produced at the installation and the avail
ability of raw materials
(ii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4.
Table 18
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl ( 2 ) <
10
–
25 <
0,025
–
0,0625
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
1
–
4 <
0,0025
–
0,010
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 2 ) The higher levels of the range are associated with the recycling of filter dust in the batch formulation
1.3.5. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
29. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The applicability may be limited by the constraints
with a low content of metals
imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation
and the availability of the raw materials.
(ii) Applying a filtration system The
technique
is
generally
applicable
(iii) Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination
with a filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 19
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector, with the exception of selenium
coloured glasses
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
0,2
–
1
< 0,5 – 2,5 × 10 –3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III ,
< 1 – 5 <
2,5
–
12,5
×
10 –3
Cu, Mn, V, Sn)
( 1 ) The ranges refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/27
30. When selenium compounds are used for colouring the glass, BAT is to reduce selenium emissions from the
melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the evaporation of selenium from the The applicability may be limited by the constraints
batch composition by selecting raw materials with a imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation
higher retention efficiency in the glass and reduced and the availability of the raw materials
volatilisation
(ii) Applying a filtration system The
technique
is
generally
applicable
(iii) Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination
with a filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 20
BAT-AELs for selenium emissions from the melting furnace in the flat glass sector for the production of
coloured glass
BAT-AEL ( 1 ) ( 2 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 3 )
Selenium compounds, expressed as Se 1
–
3
2,5 – 7,5 × 10 –3
( 1 ) The values refer to the sum of selenium present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) The lower levels correspond to conditions where the reduction of Se emissions is a priority over a lower production of solid waste
from filter dust. In this case, a high stoichiometric ratio (reagent/pollutant) is applied and a significant solid waste stream is generated.
( 3 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
1.3.6. E m i s s i o n s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
31. BAT
is
to
reduce
emissions
to
air
from
the
downstream
processes
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the
following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the losses of coating products applied to the flat The techniques are generally applicable
glass by ensuring a good sealing of the application system
(ii) Minimising the losses of SO 2 from the annealing lehr, by
operating the control system in an optimum manner
(iii) Combining the SO 2 emissions from the lehr with the waste
gas from the melting furnace, when technically feasible, and
where a secondary treatment system is applied (filter and dry
or semi-dry scrubber)
(iv) Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing, or dry The techniques are generally applicable.
scrubbing and filtration
The selection of the technique and its performance
will depend on the inlet waste gas composition
( 1 ) A description of the secondary treatment systems is given in Sections 1.10.3 and 1.10.6.
Table 21
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the flat glass sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Dust
< 15 – 20

---

L 70/28
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl <
10
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
1
–
5
SO X , expressed as SO 2
< 200
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
1
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III , Cu, Mn, V, Sn) <
5
1.4. BAT conclusions for continuous filament glass fibre manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all continuous filament glass
fibre manufacturing installations.
1.4.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
The BAT-AELs reported in this section for dust refer to all materials that are solid at the point of measurement, including
solid boron compounds. Gaseous boron compounds at the point of measurement are not included.
32.
BAT is to reduce dust emissions from the waste gases of the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the
following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Reduction of the volatile components by raw material The application of the technique is limited by proprietary
modifications
issues, since the boron-free or low-boron batch formu
lations are covered by a patent
The formulation of batch compositions without boron
compounds or with low levels of boron is a primary
measure for reducing dust emissions which are mainly
generated by volatilisation phenomena. Boron is the
main constituent of particulate matter emitted from
the melting furnace
(ii) Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for
applications on new plants where the positioning and char
acteristics of the filter may be decided without restrictions
(iii) Wet scrubbing system The
application
to
existing
plants
may
be
limited
by
technical constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water
treatment plant
( 1 ) A description of the secondary treatment systems is given in Sections 1.10.1 and 1.10.7.
Table 22
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Dust <
10
–
20 <
0,045
–
0,09
( 1 ) Values at levels of < 30 mg/Nm 3 (< 0,14 kg/tonne melted glass) have been reported for boron-free formulations, with the application of
primary techniques.
( 2 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/29
1.4.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
33. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Combustion modifications
(a) Reduction of air/fuel ratio Applicable
to
air/fuel
conventional
furnaces.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(b) Reduced combustion air temperature Applicable
to
air/fuel
conventional
furnaces
within
the
constraints
of the furnace energy efficiency and higher fuel demand. Most
furnaces are already of the recuperative type.
(c) Staged combustion:
Fuel staging is applicable to most air/fuel, oxy-fuel furnaces.
(d) Air staging
Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical
complexity
(e) Fuel staging
(d) Flue-gas recirculation The
applicability
of
this
technique
is
limited
to
the
use
of
special
burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas
(e) Low-NO X burners The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(f) Fuel choice The
applicability
is
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with
the
availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by
the energy policy of the Member State
(ii) Oxy-fuel melting The
maximum
environmental
benefits
are
achieved
for
applications
at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 23
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
BAT BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass
NO X expressed as NO 2
Combustion modifications <
600
–
1
000 <
2,7
–
4,5
( 1 )
Oxy-fuel melting ( 2 ) Not
applicable <
0,5
–
1,5
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 2 ) The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content).
1.4.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
34. BAT
is
to
reduce
SO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch The technique is generally applicable within the constraints of
formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance quality requirements of the final glass product.
The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a
trade-off approach between the removal of SO X emissions
and the management of the solid waste (filter dust), which
needs to be disposed of

---

L 70/30
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(ii) Use of low sulphur content fuels The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with the availability of low sulphur fuels, which may be
impacted by the energy policy of the Member State
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable.
filtration system
The presence of high concentrations of boron compounds in
the flue-gases may limit the abatement efficiency of the
reagent used in the dry or semi-dry scrubbing systems
(iv) Use of wet scrubbing The
technique
is
generally
applicable
within
technical
constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment plant
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.3 and 1.10.6.
Table 24
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter Fuel
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
SO x expressed as SO 2
Natural gas ( 3 ) <
200
–
800 <
0,9
–
3,6
Fuel oil ( 4 ) ( 5 ) <
500
–
1
000 <
2,25
–
4,5
( 1 ) The higher levels of the range are associated with the use of sulphates in the batch formulation for refining the glass.
( 2 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 3 ) For oxy-fuel furnaces with the application of wet scrubbing, the BAT-AEL is reported to be < 0,1 kg/tonne melted glass of SO X ,
expressed as SO 2 .
( 4 ) The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques.
( 5 ) The lower levels correspond to conditions where the reduction of SO X is a priority over a lower production of solid waste
corresponding to the sulphate-rich filter dust. In this case, the lower levels are associated with the use of a bag filter.
1.4.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
35. BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with The technique is generally applicable within the
a low content of chlorine and fluorine
constraints of the batch formulation and the availability
of raw materials
(ii) Minimisation of the fluorine content in the batch formu The substitution of fluorine compounds with alternative
lation
materials is limited by quality requirements of the
product
The minimisation of fluorine emissions from the melting
process may be achieved as follows:
— minimising/reducing the quantity of fluorine
compounds (e.g. fluorspar) used in the batch formu
lation to the minimum commensurate with the
quality of the final product. Fluorine compounds are
used to optimise the melting process, help fiberisation
and minimise filament breakage
— substituting fluorine compounds with alternative
materials (e.g. sulphates)
(iii) dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
(iv) wet scrubbing The
technique
is
generally
applicable
within
technical
constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water
treatment plant.
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.4 and 1.10.6.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/31
Table 25
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl <
10 <
0,05
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF ( 2 ) <
5
–
15 <
0,02
–
0,07
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
( 2 ) The higher levels of the range are associated with the use of fluorine compounds in the batch formulation.
1.4.5. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
36. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
with a low content of metals
of the availability of raw materials
(ii) Applying a dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination The technique is generally applicable
with a filtration system
(iii) Applying wet scrubbing The
technique
is
generally
applicable
within
technical
constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment
plant.
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.5 and 1.10.6.
Table 26
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the continuous filament glass fibre sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
0,2
–
1
< 0,9 – 4,5 × 10 –3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III ,
< 1 – 3 <
4,5
–
13,5
×
10 –3
Cu, Mn, V, Sn)
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 (4,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
1.4.6. E m i s s i o n s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
37. BAT is to reduce emissions from downstream processes by using one or a combination of the following tech
niques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Wet scrubbing systems The
techniques
are
generally
applicable
for
the
treatment
of
waste gases from the forming process (application of the
(ii) Wet electrostatic precipitator
coating to the fibres) or secondary processes which involve
the use of binder that must be cured or dried
(iii) Filtration system (bag filter) The
technique
is
generally
applicable
for
the
treatment
of
waste gases from cutting and milling operations of the
products
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.7 and 1.10.8.

---

L 70/32
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Table 27
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the continuous filament glass fibre sector, when
treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Emissions from forming and coating
Dust
< 5 – 20
Formaldehyde <
10
Ammonia <
30
Total volatile organic compounds, expressed as C <
20
Emissions from cutting and milling
Dust
< 5 – 20
1.5. BAT conclusions for domestic glass manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all domestic glass manufacturing
installations.
1.5.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
38.
BAT is to reduce dust emissions from the waste gases of the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the
following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Reduction of the volatile components by raw material The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
modifications.
of the type of glass produced and the availability of
substitute raw materials
The formulation of the batch composition may contain
very volatile components (e.g. boron, fluorides) which
significantly contribute to the formation of dust
emissions from the melting furnace
(ii) Electric melting Not
applicable
for
large
volume
glass
productions
(> 300 tonnes/day).
Not applicable for productions requiring large pull vari
ations
The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild
(iii) Oxy-fuel melting The
maximum
environmental
benefits
are
achieved
for
applications made at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
(iv) Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter The
techniques
are
generally
applicable
(v) Wet scrubbing system The
applicability
is
limited
to
specific
cases,
in
particular
to
electric melting furnaces, where flue-gas volumes and dust
emissions are generally low and related to carryover of the
batch formulation
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.5 and 1.10.7.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/33
Table 28
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Dust <
10
–
20
( 2 ) <
0,03
–
0,06
< 1 – 10 ( 3 ) <
0,003
–
0,03
( 1 ) A conversion factor of 3 × 10 –3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case by case conversion factor may have to be applied for
specific productions.
( 2 ) Considerations concerning the economic viability for achieving the BAT-AELs in the case of furnaces with a capacity of < 80 t/d,
producing soda-lime glass, are reported.
( 3 ) This BAT-AEL applies to batch formulations containing significant amounts of constituents meeting the criteria as dangerous
substances, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
1.5.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
39. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Combustion modifications
(a) Reduction of air/fuel ratio Applicable
to
air/fuel
conventional
furnaces.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(b) Reduced combustion air temperature Applicable
only
under
installation-specific
circumstances
due
to
a
lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recu
perative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces)
(c) Staged combustion:
Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces.
(f) Air staging
Air staging has very limited applicability due to its technical
complexity
(g) Fuel staging
(d) Flue-gas recirculation The
applicability
of
this
technique
is
limited
to
the
use
of
special
burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas
(e) Low-NO X burners The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for appli
cations to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical
constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(f) Fuel choice The
applicability
is
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with
the
availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by
the energy policy of the Member State
(ii) Special furnace design The
applicability
is
limited
to
batch
formulations
that
contain
high
levels of external cullet (> 70 %).
The application requires a complete rebuild of the melting furnace.
The shape of the furnace (long and narrow) may pose space
restrictions

---

L 70/34
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(iii) Electric melting Not
applicable
for
large
volume
glass
productions
(> 300 tonnes/day).
Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations.
The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild
(iv) Oxy-fuel melting The
maximum
environmental
benefits
are
achieved
for
applications
at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 29
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
NO x expressed as NO 2
Combustion modifications,
< 500 – 1 000 <
1,25
–
2,5
special furnace designs
Electric melting <
100 <
0,3
Oxy-fuel melting ( 2 ) Not
applicable <
0,5
–
1,5
( 1 ) A conversion factor of 2,5 × 10 –3 has been applied for combustion modifications and special furnace designs and a conversion factor
of 3 × 10 –3 has been applied for electric melting (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for
specific productions.
( 2 ) The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content).
40. When
nitrates
are
used
in
the
batch
formulation,
BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions by minimising the use of these
raw materials, in combination with primary or secondary techniques.
The BAT-AELs are set out in Table 29.
If nitrates are used in the batch formulation for a limited number of short campaigns or for melting furnaces with a
capacity < 100 t/day producing special types of soda-lime glasses (clear/ultra-clear glass or coloured glass using selenium)
and other special glasses (i.e. borosilicate, glass ceramics, opal glass, crystal and lead crystal), the BAT-AELs are set out in
Table 30.
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Primary techniques:
— Minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulation The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may
be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental
The use of nitrates is applied for very high quality impact of the alternative materials
products, where a very colourless (clear) glass is
required or special glasses are produced. Effective alter
native materials are sulphates, arsenic oxides, cerium
oxide
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/35
Table 30
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector, when nitrates are used in
the batch formulation for a limited number of short campaigns or for melting furnaces with a capacity
< 100 t/day producing special types of soda-lime glasses (clear/ultra-clear glass or coloured glass using
selenium) and other special glasses (i.e. borosilicate, glass ceramics, opal glass, crystal and lead crystal
BAT-AEL
Parameter Type
of
furnace
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass
NO X expressed as NO 2
Fuel/air conventional
< 500 – 1 500 <
1,25
–
3,75
( 1 )
furnaces
Electric melting <
300
–
500 <
8
–
10
( 1 ) The conversion factor reported in Table 2 for soda-lime glass (2,5 × 10 –3 ) has been applied.
1.5.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
41. BAT
is
to
reduce
SO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch The minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch
formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance formulation is generally applicable within the constraints
of quality requirements of the final glass product.
The application of sulphur balance optimisation requires a
trade-off approach between the removal of SO X emissions
and the management of the solid waste (filter dust)
(ii) Use of low sulphur content fuels The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels,
which may be impacted by the energy policy of the
Member State
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3.
Table 31
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter Fuel/melting
technique
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
SO x expressed as SO 2
Natural gas <
200
–
300 <
0,5
–
0,75
Fuel oil ( 2 ) <
1
000 <
2,5
Electric melting <
100 <
0,25
( 1 ) A conversion factor of 2,5 × 10 –3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for
specific productions.
( 2 ) The levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques.
1.5.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
42. BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the
with a low content of chlorine and fluorine
batch formulation for the type of glass produced at the
installation and the availability of raw materials

---

L 70/36
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(ii) Minimisation of the fluorine content in the batch The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
formulation and optimisation of the fluorine mass of the quality requirements for the final product
balance
The minimisation of fluorine emissions from the
melting process may be achieved by minimising/re
ducing the quantity of fluorine compounds (e.g.
fluorspar) used in the batch formulation to the
minimum commensurate with the quality of the final
product. Fluorine compounds are added to the batch
formulation to give an opaque or cloudy appearance to
the glass
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
(iv) Wet scrubbing The
technique
is
generally
applicable
within
technical
constraints; i.e. need for a specific waste water treatment
plant.
High costs, waste water treatment aspects, including
restrictions in the recycle of sludge or solid residues from
the water treatment, may limit the applicability of this
technique
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.4 and 1.10.6.
Table 32
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl ( 2 ) ( 3 ) <
10
–
20 <
0,03
–
0,06
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF ( 4 ) <
1
–
5 <
0,003
–
0,015
( 1 ) A conversion factor of 3 × 10 –3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for
specific productions.
( 2 ) The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting.
( 3 ) In cases where KCl or NaCl are used as a refining agents, the BAT-AEL is < 30 mg/Nm 3 or < 0,09 kg/tonne melted glass.
( 4 ) The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting. The higher levels are associated with the production of opal glass, the
recycling of filter dust or where high levels of external cullet are used in the batch formulation.
1.5.5. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
43. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The applicability may be limited by the constraints
with a low content of metals
imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation
and the availability of raw materials
(ii) Minimising the use of metal compounds in the batch For the production of crystal and lead crystal glasses the
formulation, through a suitable selection of the raw minimisation of metal compounds in the batch formu
materials where colouring and decolourising of glass lation is restricted by the limits defined in Directive
is needed or where specific characteristics are conferred 69/493/EEC which classifies the chemical composition of
to the glass
the final glass products.
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/37
Table 33
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector with the exception of
glasses where selenium is used for decolourising
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
0,2
–
1 <
0,6
–
3
×
10 –3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III ,
< 1 – 5
< 3 – 15 × 10 –3
Cu, Mn, V, Sn)
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) A conversion factor of 3 × 10 –3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for
specific productions.
44. When selenium compounds are used for decolourising the glass, BAT is to reduce selenium emissions from the
melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following techniques
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the use of selenium compounds in the The applicability may be limited by the constraints
batch formulation, through a suitable selection of the imposed by the type of glass produced at the installation
raw materials
and the availability of raw materials
(ii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 34
BAT-AELs for selenium emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector when selenium
compounds are used for decolourising the glass
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Selenium compounds, as Se <
1 <
3
×
10 –3
( 1 ) The values refer to the sum of selenium present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) A conversion factor of 3 × 10 –3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for
specific productions.
45. When
lead
compounds
are
used
for
the
manufacturing
of
lead
crystal
glass,
BAT
is
to
reduce
lead
emissions
from
the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Electric melting Not
applicable
for
large
volume
glass
productions
(> 300 tonnes/day).
Not applicable for productions requiring large pull vari
ations.
The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild
(ii) Bag filter The
technique
is
generally
applicable
(iii) Electrostatic precipitator
(iv) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Sections 1.10.1 and 1.10.5.

---

L 70/38
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Table 35
BAT-AELs for lead emissions from the melting furnace in the domestic glass sector when lead compounds are
used for manufacturing lead crystal glass
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Lead compounds, expressed as Pb <
0,5
–
1
< 1 – 3 × 10 –3
( 1 ) The values refer to the sum of lead present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) A conversion factor of 3 × 10 –3 has been applied (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied for
specific productions.
1.5.6. E m i s s i o n s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
46. For
downstream
dusty
processes,
BAT
is
to
reduce
emissions
of
dust
and
metals
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Performing dusty operations (e.g. cutting, grinding, The techniques are generally applicable
polishing) under liquid
(ii) Applying a bag filter system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.8.
Table 36
BAT-AELs for air emissions from dusty downstream processes in the domestic glass sector, when treated
separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Dust
< 1 – 10
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) ( 1 ) <
1
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III , Cu, Mn, V, Sn) ( 1 ) <
1
–
5
Lead compounds, expressed as Pb ( 2 ) <
1
–
1,5
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the waste gas.
( 2 ) The levels refer to downstream operations on lead crystal glass.
47. For
acid
polishing
processes,
BAT
is
to
reduce
HF
emissions
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the
following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the losses of polishing product by ensuring The techniques are generally applicable
a good sealing of the application system
(ii) Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing.
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.6.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/39
Table 37
BAT-AELs for HF emissions from acid polishing processes in the domestic glass sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
5
1.6. BAT conclusions for special glass manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all special glass manufacturing
installations.
1.6.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
48.
BAT is to reduce dust emissions from the waste gases of the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the
following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Reduction of the volatile components by raw material The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
modifications
of the quality of the glass produced
The formulation of the batch composition may contain
very volatile components (e.g. boron, fluorides) which
represent the main constituents of dust emitted from
the melting furnace
(ii) Electric melting Not
applicable
for
large
volume
glass
productions
(> 300 tonnes/day)
Not applicable for productions requiring large pull vari
ations
The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild
(iii) Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter The
technique
is
generally
applicable
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 38
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Dust <
10
–
20 <
0,03
–
0,13
< 1 – 10 ( 2 ) <
0,003
–
0,065
( 1 ) The conversions factors of 2,5 × 10 –3 and 6,5 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the
BAT-AELs range (see Table 2), with some values being approximated. However, a-case-by-case conversion factor needs to be applied,
depending on the type of glass produced (see Table 2).
( 2 ) The BAT-AELs apply to batch formulations containing significant amounts of constituents meeting the criteria as dangerous substances,
in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.
1.6.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
49. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:

---

L 70/40
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
I. primary techniques, such as:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Combustion modifications
(a) Reduction of air/fuel ratio Applicable
to
air/fuel
conventional
furnaces.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when
combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(b) Reduced combustion air
Applicable only under installation-specific circumstances due to a lower
temperature
furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recuperative
furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces)
(c) Staged combustion:
Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces.
— Air staging
Air staging has very limited applicability due to the technical complexity
— Fuel staging
(d) Flue-gas recirculation
The applicability of this technique is limited to the use of special
burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas
(e) Low-NO X burners The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for applications
to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical constraints and a lower
degree of flexibility of the furnace.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild, when
combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(f) Fuel choice
The applicability is limited by the constraints associated with the avail
ability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy
policy of the Member State
(ii) Electric melting Not
applicable
for
large
volume
glass
productions
(>
300
tonnes/day).
Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations.
The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild
(iii) Oxy-fuel melting
The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for applications at
the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
II. secondary techniques, such as:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) The
application
may
require
an
upgrade
of
the
dust
abatement
system
in order to guarantee a dust concentration of below 10 – 15 mg/Nm 3
and a desulphurisation system for the removal of SO X emissions
Due to the optimum operating temperature window, the applicability is
limited to the use of electrostatic precipitators. In general, the technique
is not used with a bag filter system because the low operating
temperature, in the range of 180 – 200 °C, would require reheating
of the waste gases.
The implementation of the technique may require significant space
availability

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/41
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(ii) Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) Very
limited
applicability
to
conventional
regenerative
furnaces,
where
the correct temperature window is difficult to access or does not allow
a good mixing of the flue-gases with the reagent
It may be applicable to new regenerative furnaces equipped with split
regenerators; however, the temperature window is difficult to maintain
due to the reversal of fire between the chambers that causes a cyclical
temperature change
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 39
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Combustion modifications 600
–
800 1,5
–
3,2
Electric melting <
100 <
0,25
–
0,4
Oxy-fuel melting ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Not
applicable <
1
–
3
Secondary techniques <
500 <
1
–
3
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 2,5 × 10 –3 and 4 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the BAT-AEL
range (see Table 2), with some values being approximated. However, a case-by-case conversion factor needs to be applied based on the
type of production (see Table 2).
( 2 ) The higher values are related to a special production of borosilicate glass tubes for pharmaceutical use.
( 3 ) The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content).
50. When
nitrates
are
used
in
the
batch
formulation,
BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions by minimising the use of these
raw materials, in combination with either primary or secondary techniques
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Primary techniques
— minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulation The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may
be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental
The use of nitrates is applied for very high quality impact of the alternative materials
products, where special characteristics of the glass are
required. Effective alternative materials are sulphates,
arsenic oxides, cerium oxide
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 40
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector when nitrates are used in the
batch formulation
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Minimisation of nitrate
< 500 – 1 000 <
1
–
6
input in the batch formu
lation combined with
primary or secondary tech
niques
( 1 ) The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting.
( 2 ) The conversion factors of 2,5 × 10 –3 and 6,5 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the BAT-
AEL range respectively, with values being approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of
production (see Table 2).

---

L 70/42
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
1.6.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
51. BAT
is
to
reduce
SO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
formulation and optimisation of the sulphur balance of quality requirements of the final glass product
(ii) Use of low sulphur content fuels The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels,
which may be impacted by the energy policy of the
Member State
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3.
Table 41
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
Fuel/melting
technique
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
SO X expressed as SO 2
Natural gas,
< 30 – 200 <
0,08
–
0,5
electric melting ( 3 )
Fuel oil ( 4 ) 500
–
800 1,25
–
2
( 1 ) The ranges take into account the variable sulphur balances associated with the type of glass produced.
( 2 ) The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10 –3 (see Table 2) has been used. However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied
based on the type of production.
( 3 ) The lower levels are associated with the use of electric melting and batch formulations without sulphates.
( 4 ) The associated emission levels are related to the use of 1 % sulphur fuel oil in combination with secondary abatement techniques.
1.6.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
52. BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The applicability may be limited by the constraints of the
with a low content of chlorine and fluorine
batch formulation for the type of glass produced at the
installation and the availability of raw materials
(ii)
Minimisation of the fluorine and/or chlorine The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
compounds in the batch formulation and optimisation of the quality requirements for the final product.
of the fluorine and/or chlorine mass balance
Fluorine compounds are used to confer particular char
acteristics to special glasses (i.e. opaque lighting glass,
optical glass).
Chlorine compounds may be used as fining agents for
borosilicate glass production
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/43
Table 42
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl ( 2 ) <
10
–
20 <
0,03
–
0,05
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
1
–
5 <
0,003
–
0,04
( 3 )
( 1 ) The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10 –3 (see Table 2) has been used; with some values being approximated. A case-by-case conversion
factor may have to be applied based on the type of production.
( 2 ) The higher levels are associated with the use of materials containing chlorine in the batch formulation.
( 3 ) The upper value of the range has been derived from specific reported data.
1.6.5. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
53. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a The applicability may be limited by the constraints
low content of metals
imposed by the type of glass produced at the instal
lation and the availability of raw materials
(ii) Minimising the use of metal compounds in the batch formu The techniques are generally applicable
lation, through a suitable selection of the raw materials
where colouring and decolourising of glass is needed or
where specific characteristics are conferred to the glass
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a filtration
system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 43
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the special glass sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 ) ( 2 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 3 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
0,1
–
1 <
0,3
–
3
×
10 –3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III , Cu, Mn, V, Sn) <
1
–
5 <
3
–
15
×
10 –3
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) The lower levels are BAT-AELs when metal compounds are not intentionally used in the batch formulation.
( 3 ) The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10 –3 (see Table 2) has been used, with some values indicated in the table having been approximated. A
case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of production.
1.6.6. E m i s s i o n s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
54. For
downstream
dusty
processes,
BAT
is
to
reduce
emissions
of
dust
and
metals
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Performing dusty operations (e.g. cutting, grinding, The techniques are generally applicable
polishing) under liquid
(ii) Applying a bag filter system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.8.

---

L 70/44
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Table 44
BAT-AELs for dust and metal emissions from downstream processes in the special glass sector, when treated
separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Dust
1 – 10
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) ( 1 ) <
1
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III , Cu, Mn, V, Sn) ( 1 ) <
1
–
5
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the waste gas.
55. For
acid
polishing
processes,
BAT
is
to
reduce
HF
emissions
by
using
one
or
a
combination
of
the
following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Description
(i) Minimising the losses of polishing product by ensuring The techniques are generally applicable
a good sealing of the application system
(ii) Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet scrubbing
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.6.
Table 45
BAT-AELs for HF emissions from acid polishing processes in the special glass sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
5
1.7. BAT conclusions for mineral wool manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all mineral wool manufacturing
installations.
1.7.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
56. BAT
is
to
reduce
dust
emissions
from
the
waste
gases
of
the
melting
furnace
by
applying
an
electrostatic
precipitator or a bag filter system
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag The technique is generally applicable.
filter
Electrostatic precipitators are not applicable to cupola furnaces for
stone wool production, due to the risk of explosion from the
ignition of carbon monoxide produced within the furnace
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 46
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Dust <
10
–
20 <
0,02
–
0,050
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 2 × 10 –3 and 2,5 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the
BAT-AELs range (see Table 2), in order to cover both the production of glass wool and stone wool.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/45
1.7.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
57. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Combustion modifications
(a) Reduction of air/fuel ratio Applicable
to
air/fuel
conventional
furnaces.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(b) Reduced combustion air temperature Applicable
only
under
installation-specific
circumstances
due
to
a
lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand (i.e. use of recu
perative furnaces in place of regenerative furnaces)
(c) Staged combustion:
Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel furnaces.
— Air staging
Air staging has very limited applicability due to the technical
complexity
— Fuel staging
(d) Flue-gas recirculation The
applicability
of
this
technique
is
limited
to
the
use
of
special
burners with automatic recirculation of the waste gas
(e) Low-NO X burners The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
The achieved environmental benefits are generally lower for appli
cations to cross-fired, gas-fired furnaces due to technical
constraints and a lower degree of flexibility of the furnace.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace rebuild,
when combined with optimum furnace design and geometry
(f) Fuel choice The
applicability
is
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with
the
availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by
the energy policy of the Member State
(ii) Electric melting Not
applicable
for
large
volume
glass
productions
(> 300 tonnes/day).
Not applicable for productions requiring large pull variations.
The implementation requires a complete furnace rebuild
(iii) Oxy-fuel melting The
maximum
environmental
benefits
are
achieved
for
applications
at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 47
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter Product Melting
technique
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Glass wool Fuel/air
and
electric
< 200 – 500 <
0,4
–
1,0
furnaces
Oxy-fuel melting ( 2 ) Not
applicable <
0,5
Stone wool All
types
of
furnaces <
400
–
500 <
1,0
–
1,25
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 2 × 10 –3 for glass wool and 2,5 × 10 –3 for stone wool have been used (see Table 2).
( 2 ) The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content).

---

L 70/46
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
58. When
nitrates
are
used
in
the
batch
formulation
for
glass
wool
production,
BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions by
using one or a combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
The use of nitrates is applied as an oxidising agent in of the quality requirements for the final product
batch formulations with high levels of external cullet
to compensate for the presence of organic material
contained in the cullet
(ii) Electric melting The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
The implementation of electric melting requires a complete
furnace rebuild
(iii) Oxy-fuel melting The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
The maximum environmental benefits are achieved for
applications made at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 48
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in glass wool production when nitrates are used in the
batch formulation
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Minimisation of nitrate input in
< 500 – 700 <
1,0
–
1,4
( 2 )
the batch formulation, combined
with primary techniques
( 1 ) The conversion factor of 2 × 10 –3 has been used (see Table 2).
( 2 ) The lower levels of the ranges are associated with the application of oxy-fuel melting.
1.7.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
59. BAT
is
to
reduce
SO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimisation of the sulphur content In glass wool production, the technique is generally applicable within the
in the batch formulation and opti constraints of the availability of low-sulphur raw materials, in particular
misation of the sulphur balance
external cullet. High levels of external cullet in the batch formulation limit
the possibility of optimising the sulphur balance due to a variable sulphur
content.
In the stone wool production, the optimisation of the sulphur balance may
require a trade-off approach between the removal of SO X emissions from the
flue-gases and the management of the solid waste, deriving from the
treatment of the flue-gases (filter dust) and/or from the fiberising process,
which may be recycled into the batch formulation (cement briquettes) or may
need to be disposed of
(ii) Use of low sulphur content fuels The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with
the
avail
ability of low sulphur fuels, which may be impacted by the energy policy of
the Member State
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in Electrostatic precipitators are not applicable to cupola furnaces for stone wool
combination with a filtration system production (see BAT 56)
(iv) Use of wet scrubbing The
technique
is
generally
applicable
within
technical
constraints;
i.e.
need
for
a specific waste water treatment plant
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.3 and 1.10.6.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/47
Table 49
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter Product/conditions
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
SO X expressed as SO 2
Glass wool
Gas-fired and electric
< 50 – 150 <
0,1
–
0,3
furnaces ( 2 )
Stone wool
Gas-fired and electric
< 350 <
0,9
furnaces
Cupola furnaces, no
< 400 <
1,0
briquettes or slag recyc
ling ( 3 )
Cupola furnaces, with
< 1 400 <
3,5
cement briquettes or slag
recycling ( 4 )
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 2 × 10 –3 for glass wool and 2,5 × 10 –3 for stone wool have been used (see Table 2).
( 2 ) The lower levels of the ranges are associated with the use of electric melting. The higher levels are associated with high levels of cullet
recycling.
( 3 ) The BAT-AEL is associated with conditions where the reduction of SO X emissions has a high priority over a lower production of solid
waste.
( 4 ) When reduction of waste has a high priority over SO X emissions, higher emission values may be expected. The achievable levels should
be based on a sulphur balance.
1.7.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
60. BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Description
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
with a low content of chlorine and fluorine
of the batch formulation and the availability of raw
materials
(ii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a Electrostatic precipitators are not applicable to cupola
filtration system
furnaces for stone wool production (see BAT 56)
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4.
Table 50
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter Product
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen chloride, expressed Glass wool <
5
–
10 <
0,01
–
0,02
as HCl
Stone wool <
10
–
30 <
0,025
–
0,075
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed All products <
1
–
5 <
0,002
–
0,013
( 2 )
as HF
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 2 × 10 –3 for glass wool and 2,5 × 10 –3 for stone wool have been used (see Table 2).
( 2 ) The conversion factors of 2 × 10 –3 and 2,5 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper values of the
BAT-AELs range (see Table 2).

---

L 70/48
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
1.7.5. H y d r o g e n s u l p h i d e ( H 2 S ) f r o m s t o n e w o o l m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
61. BAT
is
to
reduce
H 2 S emissions from the melting furnace by applying a waste gas incineration system to oxidise
hydrogen sulphide to SO 2
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Waste gas incinerator system The
technique
is
generally
applicable
to
stone
wool
cupola
furnaces
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.9.
Table 51
BAT-AELs for H 2 S emissions from the melting furnace in stone wool production
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen sulphide, expressed as H 2 S <
2 <
0,005
( 1 ) The conversion factor of 2,5 × 10 –3 for stone wool has been applied (see Table 2).
1.7.6. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
62. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
with a low content of metals
of the availability of raw materials.
In glass wool production, the use of manganese in the
batch formulation as an oxidising agent depends on the
quantity and quality of external cullet employed in the
batch formulation and may be minimised accordingly
(ii) Application of a filtration system Electrostatic
precipitators
are
not
applicable
to
cupola
furnaces for stone wool production (see BAT 56)
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 52
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the mineral wool sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
0,2
–
1
( 3 )
< 0,4 – 2,5 × 10 –3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III ,
< 1 – 2 ( 3 )
< 2 – 5 × 10 –3
Cu, Mn, V, Sn)
( 1 ) The ranges refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) The conversion factors of 2 × 10 –3 and 2,5 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper values of the
BAT-AELs range (see Table 2).
( 3 ) Higher values are associated with the use of cupola furnaces for the production of stone wool.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/49
1.7.7. E m i s s i o n s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
63. BAT is to reduce emissions from downstream processes by using one or a combination of the following tech
niques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Impact jets and cyclones
The technique is generally applicable to the mineral wool
sector, in particular to glass wool processes for the
The technique is based on the removal of particles and treatment of emissions from the forming area (application
droplets from waste gases by impaction/impingement, of the coating to the fibres).
as well as gaseous substances by partial absorption
with water. Process water is normally used for Limited applicability to stone wool processes since it could
impact jets. The recycling process water is filtered adversely affect other abatement techniques being used.
before it is reapplied
(ii) Wet scrubbers The
technique
is
generally
applicable
for
the
treatment
of
waste gases from the forming process (application of the
coating to the fibres) or for combined waste gases (forming
plus curing)
(iii) Wet electrostatic precipitators The
technique
is
generally
applicable
for
the
treatment
of
waste gases from the forming process (application of the
coating to the fibres), from curing ovens or for combined
waste gases (forming plus curing)
(iv) Stone wool filters
The applicability is mainly limited to stone wool processes
for waste gases from the forming area and/or curing ovens
It consists of a steel or concrete structure in which
stone wool slabs are mounted and act as a filter
medium. The filtering medium needs to be cleaned
or exchanged periodically. This filter is suitable for
waste gases with a high moisture content and
particulate matter with an adhesive nature
(v) Waste gas incineration The
technique
is
generally
applicable
for
the
treatment
of
waste gases from curing ovens, in particular in the stone
wool processes.
The application to combined waste gases (forming plus
curing) is not economically viable because of the high
volume, low concentration, low temperature of the waste
gases
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.7 and 1.10.9.
Table 53
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the mineral wool sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne finished product
Forming area – Combined forming
and curing emissions-Combined
forming, curing and cooling emissions
Total particulate matter <
20
–
50
—
Phenol <
5
–
10
—
Formaldehyde <
2
–
5
—
Ammonia 30
–
60
—

---

L 70/50
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne finished product
Amines <
3
—
Total volatile organic compounds
10 – 30
—
expressed as C
Curing oven emissions ( 1 ) ( 2 )
Total particulate matter <
5
–
30 <
0,2
Phenol <
2
–
5 <
0,03
Formaldehyde <
2
–
5 <
0,03
Ammonia <
20
–
60 <
0,4
Amines <
2 <
0,01
Total volatile organic compounds
< 10 <
0,065
expressed as C
NO X , expressed as NO 2
< 100 – 200 <
1
( 1 ) Emission levels expressed in kg/tonne of finished product are not affected by the thickness of the mineral wool mat produced nor by
extreme concentration or dilution of the flue-gases. A conversion factor of 6,5 × 10 –3 has been used.
( 2 ) If high density or high binder content mineral wools are produced, the emission levels associated with the techniques listed as BAT for
the sector could be significantly higher than these BAT-AELs. If these types of products represent the majority of the production from a
given installation, then consideration should be given to other techniques.
1.8. BAT conclusions for high temperature insulation wools (HTIW) manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all HTIW manufacturing
installations.
1.8.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g a n d d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
64. BAT
is
to
reduce
dust
emissions
from
the
waste
gases
of
the
melting
furnace
by
applying
a
filtration
system.
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
The filtration system usually consists of a bag filter The
technique
is
generally
applicable
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 54
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the HTIW sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
Dust Flue-gas
cleaning
by
filtration
systems <
5
–
20
( 1 )
( 1 ) The values are associated with the use of a bag filter system.

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/51
65. For downstream dusty processes, BAT is to reduce emissions using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the losses of product by ensuring a good sealing of The techniques are generally applicable
the production line, where technically applicable.
The potential sources of dust and fibre emissions are:
— fiberisation and collection
— mat formation (needling)
— lubricant burn-off
— cutting, trimming and packaging of the finished product
A good construction, sealing and maintenance of the down
stream processing systems are essential for minimising the
losses of product into the air
(ii) Cutting, trimming and packaging under vacuum, by applying
an efficient extraction system in conjunction with a fabric
filter.
A negative pressure is applied to the workstation (i.e. cutting
machine, cardboard box for packaging) in order to extract
particulate and fibrous releases and convey it to a fabric filter
(iii) Applying a fabric filter system ( 1 )
Waste gases from downstream operations (e.g. fiberising, mat
formation, lubricant burn-off) are conveyed to a treatment
system consisting of a bag filter
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 55
BAT-AELs from dusty downstream processes in the HTIW sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Dust ( 1 )
1 – 5
( 1 ) The lower level of the range is associated with emissions of aluminium silicate glass wool/refractory ceramic fibres (ASW/RCF).
1.8.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g a n d d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
66. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the lubricant burn-off oven by applying combustion control and/or
modifications
Technique Applicability
Combustion control and/or modifications
The technique is generally applicable
Techniques to reduce the formation of thermal NO X
emissions include a control of the main combustion
parameters:
— air/fuel ratio (oxygen content in the reaction zone)
— flame temperature
— residence time in the high temperature zone.
A good combustion control consists of generating those
conditions which are least favourable for NO X formation

---

L 70/52
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Table 56
BAT-AELs for NO X from the lubricant burn-off oven in the HTIW sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
NO X expressed as NO 2
Combustion control and/or modifi
100 – 200
cations
1.8.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g a n d d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
67. BAT
is
to
reduce
SO X emissions from the melting furnaces and downstream processes by using one or a
combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
with a low content of sulphur
of the availability of raw materials
(ii) Use of low sulphur content fuel The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels,
which may be impacted by the energy policy of the
Member State
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.3.
Table 57
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnaces and downstream processes in the HTIW sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
SO x expressed as SO 2
Primary techniques <
50
1.8.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
68. BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace by selecting raw materials for the batch
formulation with a low content of chlorine and fluorine
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation with a The technique is generally applicable
low content of chlorine and fluorine
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.4.
Table 58
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the HTIW sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl <
10
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
5

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/53
1.8.5. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s a n d d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
69. BAT
is
to
reduce
metal
emissions
from
the
melting
furnace
and/or
downstream
processes
by
using
one
or
a
combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The techniques are generally applicable
with a low content of metals
(ii) Applying a filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 59
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace and/or downstream processes in the HTIW sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
1
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III , Cu, Mn, V, Sn) <
5
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
1.8.6. V o l a t i l e o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
70. BAT
is
to
reduce
volatile
organic
compound
(VOC)
emissions
from
the
lubricant
burn-off
oven
by
using
one
or
a
combination of the following techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Combustion control, including monitoring the The technique is generally applicable
associated emissions of CO.
The technique consists of the control of combustion
parameters (e.g. oxygen content in the reaction zone,
flame temperature) in order to ensure a complete
combustion of the organic components (i.e. poly
ethylene glycol) in the waste gas. The monitoring of
carbon monoxide emissions allows for controlling the
presence of uncombusted organic materials
(ii) Waste gas incineration The
economic
viability
may
limit
the
applicability
of
these
techniques because of low waste gas volumes and VOC
concentrations
(iii) Wet scrubbers
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Sections 1.10.6 and 1.10.9.
Table 60
BAT-AELs for VOC emissions from the lubricant burn-off oven in the HTIW sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter BAT
mg/Nm 3
Volatile organic compounds expressed Primary and/or secondary techniques 10
–
20
as C

---

L 70/54
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
1.9. BAT conclusions for frits manufacturing
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all frits glass manufacturing
installations.
1.9.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
71. BAT is to reduce dust emissions from the waste gases of the melting furnace by means of an electrostatic
precipitator or a bag filter system.
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
Filtration system: electrostatic precipitator or bag filter The
technique
is
generally
applicable
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 61
BAT-AELs for dust emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Dust <
10
–
20 <
0,05
–
0,15
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 5 × 10 –3 and 7,5 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and upper value of the
BAT-AELs range (see Table 2). However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion.
1.9.2. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
72. BAT
is
to
reduce
NO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Minimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulation The substitution of nitrates in the batch formulation may
In the frits production, nitrates are used in the batch be limited by the high costs and/or higher environmental
formulation of many products in order to obtain the impact of the alternative materials and/or the quality
required characteristics
requirements of the final product
(ii) Reduction of the parasitic air entering the furnace
The technique is generally applicable
The technique consists of preventing the ingress of air
into the furnace by sealing the burner blocks, the batch
material feeder and any other opening of the melting
furnace
(iii) Combustion modifications
(a) Reduction of air/fuel ratio Applicable
to
air/fuel
conventional
furnaces.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace
rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and
geometry
(b) Reduced combustion air temperature Applicable
only
under
installation-specific
circumstances
due to a lower furnace efficiency and higher fuel demand
(c) Staged combustion:
Fuel staging is applicable to most conventional air/fuel
— Air staging
furnaces.
— Fuel staging
Air staging has very limited applicability due to its
technical complexity

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/55
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(d) Flue-gas recirculation The
applicability
of
this
technique
is
limited
to
the
use
of
special burners with automatic recirculation of the waste
gas
(e) Low-NO X burners The
technique
is
generally
applicable.
Full benefits are achieved at normal or complete furnace
rebuild, when combined with optimum furnace design and
geometry
(f) Fuel choice The
applicability
is
limited
by
the
constraints
associated
with the availability of different types of fuel, which may
be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State
(iv) Oxy-fuel melting The
maximum
environmental
benefits
are
achieved
for
applications at the time of a complete furnace rebuild
( 1 ) A description of the technique is given in Section 1.10.2.
Table 62
BAT-AELs for NO X emissions from the melting furnace in the frits glass sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter BAT Operating
conditions
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
NO X expressed as NO 2
Primary
Oxy-fuel firing, without
Not applicable <
2,5
–
5
techniques
nitrates ( 3 )
Oxy-fuel firing, with use
Not applicable 5
–
10
of nitrates
Fuel/air, fuel/oxygen-
500 – 1 000 2,5
–
7,5
enriched air combustion,
without nitrates
Fuel/air, fuel/oxygen-
< 1 600 <
12
enriched air combustion,
with use of nitrates
( 1 ) The ranges take into account the combination of flue-gases from furnaces applying different melting techniques and producing a variety
of frit types, with or without nitrates in the batch formulations, which may be conveyed to a single stack, precluding the possibility of
characterising each applied melting technique and the different products.
( 2 ) The conversion factors of 5 × 10 –3 and 7,5 × 10 –3 have been used for the determination of the lower and higher values of the range.
However, a case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion (see Table 2).
( 3 ) The achievable levels depend on the quality of the natural gas and oxygen available (nitrogen content).
1.9.3. S u l p h u r o x i d e s ( S O X ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
73. BAT
is
to
control
SO X emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
with a low content of sulphur
of the availability of raw materials
(ii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
(iii) Use of low sulphur content fuels The
applicability
may
be
limited
by
the
constraints
associated with the availability of low sulphur fuels,
which may be impacted by the energy policy of the
Member State
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.3.

---

L 70/56
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Table 63
BAT-AELs for SO X emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
SO X , expressed as SO 2
< 50 – 200 <
0,25
–
1,5
( 1 ) The conversion factors of 5 × 10 –3 and 7,5 × 10 –3 have been used; however, the values indicated in the table may have been
approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of combustion (see Table 2).
1.9.4. H y d r o g e n c h l o r i d e ( H C l ) a n d h y d r o g e n f l u o r i d e ( H F ) f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
74. BAT is to reduce HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
with a low content of chlorine and fluorine
of the batch formulation and the availability of raw
materials
(ii) Minimisation of the fluorine compounds in the batch The minimisation or substitution of fluorine compounds
formulation when used to ensure the quality of the with alternative materials is limited by quality requirements
final product
of the product
Fluorine compounds are used to confer particular char
acteristics to the frits (i.e. thermal and chemical resis
tance)
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a The technique is generally applicable
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.4.
Table 64
BAT-AELs for HCl and HF emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 1 )
Hydrogen chloride, expressed as HCl <
10 <
0,05
Hydrogen fluoride, expressed as HF <
5 <
0,03
( 1 ) The conversion factor of 5 × 10 –3 has been used with some values being approximated. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to
be applied based on the type of combustion (see Table 2).
1.9.5. M e t a l s f r o m m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s
75. BAT is to reduce metal emissions from the melting furnace by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Selection of raw materials for the batch formulation The technique is generally applicable within the constraints
with a low content of metals
of the type of frit produced at the installation and the
availability of raw materials

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/57
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(ii) Minimising of the use of metal compounds in the The techniques are generally applicable
batch formulation, where colouring is required or
other specific characteristics are conferred to the frit
(iii) Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with a
filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.5.
Table 65
BAT-AELs for metal emissions from the melting furnace in the frits sector
BAT-AEL ( 1 )
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
kg/tonne melted glass ( 2 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
1 <
7,5
×
10 –3
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III ,
< 5 <
37
×
10 –3
Cu, Mn, V, Sn)
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the flue-gases in both solid and gaseous phases.
( 2 ) The conversion factor of 7,5 × 10 –3 has been used. A case-by-case conversion factor may have to be applied based on the type of
combustion (see Table 2).
1.9.6. E m i s s i o n s f r o m d o w n s t r e a m p r o c e s s e s
76. For downstream dusty processes, BAT is to reduce emissions by using one or a combination of the following
techniques:
Technique ( 1 ) Applicability
(i) Applying wet milling techniques
The techniques are generally applicable
The technique consists of grinding the frit to the desired particle
size distribution with sufficient liquid to form a slurry. The
process is generally carried out in alumina ball mills with water
(ii) Operating dry milling and dry product packaging under an
efficient extraction system in conjunction with a fabric filter
A negative pressure is applied to the milling equipment or to the
work station where packaging is carried out in order to convey
dust emissions to a fabric filter
(iii) Applying a filtration system
( 1 ) A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.10.1.
Table 66
BAT-AELs for air emissions from downstream processes in the frits sector, when treated separately
BAT-AEL
Parameter
mg/Nm 3
Dust
5 – 10
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI ) <
1
( 1 )
Σ (As, Co, Ni, Cd, Se, Cr VI , Sb, Pb, Cr III , Cu, Mn, V, Sn) <
5
( 1 )
( 1 ) The levels refer to the sum of metals present in the waste gas.

---

L 70/58
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Glossary
1.10. Description of techniques
1.10.1. D u s t e m i s s i o n s
Technique Description
Electrostatic precipitator Electrostatic
precipitators
operate
such
that
particles
are
charged
and
separated under the influence of an electrical field. Electrostatic
precipitators are capable of operating over a wide range of conditions
Bag filter Bag
filters
are
constructed
from
porous
woven
or
felted
fabric
through which gases are flowed to remove particles.
The use of a bag filter requires a fabric material selection adequate to
the characteristics of the waste gases and the maximum operating
temperature
Reduction of the volatile components by raw The formulation of batch compositions might contain very volatile
material modifications
components (e.g. boron compounds) which could be minimised or
substituted for reducing dust emissions mainly generated by volatili
sation phenomena
Electric melting The
technique
consists
of
a
melting
furnace
where
the
energy
is
provided by resistive heating.
In the cold-top furnaces (where the electrodes are generally inserted
at the bottom of the furnace) the batch blanket covers the surface of
the melt with a consequent, significant reduction of the volatilisation
of batch components (i.e. lead compounds)
1.10.2. N O X e m i s s i o n s
Technique Description
Combustion modifications
(i) Reduction of air/fuel ratio The
technique
is
mainly
based
on
the
following
features:
— minimisation of air leakages into the furnace
— careful control of air used for combustion
— modified design of the furnace combustion chamber
(ii) Reduced combustion air temperature The
use
of
recuperative
furnaces,
in
place
of
regenerative
furnaces,
results in a reduced air preheat temperature and, consequently, a
lower flame temperature. However, this is associated with a lower
furnace efficiency (lower specific pull), lower fuel efficiency and
higher fuel demand, resulting in potentially higher emissions
(kg/tonne of glass)
(iii) Staged combustion —
Air
staging
–
involves
substoichiometric
firing
and
the
addition
of
the remaining air or oxygen into the furnace to complete
combustion.
— Fuel staging – a low impulse primary flame is developed in the
port neck (10 % of total energy); a secondary flame covers the
root of the primary flame reducing its core temperature
(iv) Flue-gas recirculation
Implies the reinjection of waste gas from the furnace into the flame
to reduce the oxygen content and therefore the temperature of the
flame.
The use of special burners is based on internal recirculation of
combustion gases which cool the root of the flames and reduce
the oxygen content in the hottest part of the flames
(v) Low-NO X burners The
technique
is
based
on
the
principles
of
reducing
peak
flame
temperatures, delaying but completing the combustion and increasing
the heat transfer (increased emissivity of the flame). It may be
associated with a modified design of the furnace combustion
chamber

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/59
Technique Description
(vi) Fuel choice In
general,
oil-fired
furnaces
show
lower
NO X emissions than gas-
fired furnaces due to better thermal emissivity and lower flame
temperatures
Special furnace design Recuperative
type
furnace
that
integrates
various
features,
allowing
for lower flame temperatures. The main features are:
— specific type of burners (number and positioning)
— modified geometry of the furnace (height and size)
— two-stage raw material preheating with waste gases passing over
the raw materials entering the furnace and an external cullet
preheater downstream of the recuperator used for preheating
the combustion air
Electric melting The
technique
consists
of
a
melting
furnace
where
the
energy
is
provided by resistive heating. The main features are:
— electrodes are generally inserted at the bottom of the furnace
(cold-top)
— nitrates are often required in the batch composition of cold-top
electric furnaces to provide the necessary oxidising conditions for
a stable, safe and efficient manufacturing process
Oxy-fuel melting The
technique
involves
the
replacement
of
the
combustion
air
with
oxygen (> 90 % purity), with consequent elimination/reduction of
thermal NO X formation from nitrogen entering the furnace. The
residual nitrogen content in the furnace depends on the purity of
the oxygen supplied, on the quality of the fuel (% N 2 in natural gas)
and on the potential air inlet
Chemical reduction by fuel
The technique is based on the injection of fossil fuel to the waste gas
with chemical reduction of NO X to N 2 through a series of reactions.
In the 3R process, the fuel (natural gas or oil) is injected at the
regenerator entrance. The technology is designed for use in regen
erative furnaces
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) The
technique
is
based
on
the
reduction
of
NO X to nitrogen in a
catalytic bed by reaction with ammonia (in general aqueous solution)
at an optimum operating temperature of around 300 – 450 °C.
One or two layers of catalyst may be applied. A higher NO X
reduction is achieved with the use of higher amounts of catalyst
(two layers)
Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) The
technique
is
based
on
the
reduction
of
NO X to nitrogen by
reaction with ammonia or urea at a high temperature.
The operating temperature window must be maintained between 900
and 1 050 °C
Minimising the use of nitrates in the batch The minimisation of nitrates is used to reduce NO X emissions
formulation
deriving from the decomposition of these raw materials when
applied as an oxidising agent for very high quality products where
a very colourless (clear) glass is required or for other glasses to
provide the required characteristics. The following options may be
applied:
— Reduce the presence of nitrates in the batch formulation to the
minimum commensurate with the product and melting require
ments.
— Substitute nitrates with alternative materials. Effective alternatives
are sulphates, arsenic oxides, cerium oxide.
— Apply process modifications (e.g. special oxidising combustion
conditions)

---

L 70/60
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
1.10.3. S O X e m i s s i o n s
Technique Description
Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with Dry powder or a suspension/solution of alkaline reagent are
a filtration system
introduced and dispersed in the waste gas stream. The material
reacts with the sulphur gaseous species to form a solid which has
to be removed by filtration (bag filter or electrostatic precipitator). In
general, the use of a reaction tower improves the removal efficiency
of the scrubbing system
Minimisation of the sulphur content in the batch The minimisation of sulphur content in the batch formulation is
formulation and optimisation of the sulphur applied to reduce SO X emissions deriving from the decomposition
balance
of sulphur-containing raw materials (in general, sulphates) used as
fining agents.
The effective reduction of SO X emissions depends on the retention of
sulphur compounds in the glass, which may vary significantly
depending on the glass type, and on the optimisation of the
sulphur balance
Use of low sulphur content fuels The
use
of
natural
gas
or
low
sulphur
fuel
oil
is
applied
to
reduce
the
amount of SO X emissions deriving from the oxidation of sulphur
contained in the fuel during combustion
1.10.4. H C l , H F e m i s s i o n s
Technique Description
Selection of raw materials for the batch formu The technique consists of a careful selection of raw materials that
lation with a low content of chlorine and may contain chlorides and fluorides as impurities (e.g. synthetic soda
fluorine
ash, dolomite, external cullet, recycled filter dust) in order to reduce
at source HCl and HF emissions which arise from the decomposition
of these materials during the melting process
Minimisation of the fluorine and/or chlorine The minimisation of fluorine and/or chlorine emissions from the
compounds in the batch formulation and opti melting process may be achieved by minimising/reducing the
misation of the fluorine and/or chlorine mass quantity of these substances used in the batch formulation to the
balance
minimum commensurate with the quality of the final product.
Fluorine compounds (e.g. fluorspar, cryolite, fluorsilicate) are used
to confer particular characteristics to special glasses (e.g. opaque
glass, optical glass). Chlorine compounds may be used as fining
agents
Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with Dry powder or a suspension/solution of alkaline reagent are
a filtration system
introduced and dispersed in the waste gas stream. The material
reacts with the gaseous chlorides and fluorides to form a solid
which has to be removed by filtration (electrostatic precipitator or
bag filter)
1.10.5. M e t a l e m i s s i o n s
Technique Description
Selection of raw materials for the batch formu The technique consists of a careful selection of batch materials that
lation with a low content of metals
may contain metals as impurities (e.g. external cullet), in order to
reduce at source metal emissions which arise from the decomposition
of these materials during the melting process
Minimising the use of metal compounds in the The minimisation of metal emissions from the melting process may
batch formulation, where colouring and decol be achieved as follows:
ourising of glass is needed, subject to consumer
glass quality requirements
— minimising the quantity of metal compounds in the batch formu
lation (e.g. iron, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese
compounds) in the production of coloured glasses
— minimising the quantity of selenium compounds and cerium
oxide used as decolourising agents for the production of clear
glass

---

EN
8.3.2012 Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union L
70/61
Technique Description
Minimising the use of selenium compounds in The minimisation of selenium emissions from the melting process
the batch formulation, through a suitable may be achieved by:
selection of the raw materials
— minimising/reducing the quantity of selenium in the batch formu
lation to the minimum commensurate with the product
requirements
— selecting selenium raw materials with a lower volatility, in order
to reduce the volatilisation phenomena during the melting
process
Application of a filtration system Dust
abatement
systems
(bag
filter
and
electrostatic
precipitator)
can
reduce both dust and metal emissions since the emissions to air of
metals from glass melting processes are largely contained in
particulate form. However, for some metals presenting extremely
volatile compounds (e.g. selenium) the removal efficiency may vary
significantly with the filtration temperature
Dry or semi-dry scrubbing, in combination with Gaseous metals can be substantially reduced by the use of a dry or
a filtration system
semi-dry scrubbing technique with an alkaline reagent. The alkaline
reagent reacts with the gaseous species to form a solid which has to
be removed by filtration (bag filter or electrostatic precipitator)
1.10.6. C o m b i n e d g a s e o u s e m i s s i o n s ( e . g . S O X , H C l , H F , b o r o n c o m p o u n d s )
Wet scrubbing In
the
wet
scrubbing
process,
gaseous
compounds
are
dissolved
in
a
suitable liquid (water or alkaline solution). Downstream of the wet
scrubber, the flue-gases are saturated with water and a separation of
the droplets is required before discharging the flue-gases. The
resulting liquid has to be treated by a waste water process and the
insoluble matter is collected by sedimentation or filtration
1.10.7. C o m b i n e d e m i s s i o n s ( s o l i d + g a s e o u s )
Technique Description
Wet scrubbing
In a wet scrubbing process (by a suitable liquid: water or alkaline
solution), the simultaneous removal of solid and gaseous compounds
may be achieved. The design criteria for particulate or gas removal
are different; therefore, the design is often a compromise between the
two options.
The resulting liquid has to be treated by a waste water process and
the insoluble matter (solid emissions and products from chemical
reactions) is collected by sedimentation or filtration.
In the mineral wool and continuous filament glass fibre sector, the
most common systems applied are:
— packed bed scrubbers with impact jets upstream
— venturi scrubbers
Wet electrostatic precipitator The
technique
consists
of
an
electrostatic
precipitator
in
which
the
collected material is removed from the plates of the collectors by
flushing with a suitable liquid, usually water. Some mechanism is
usually installed to remove water droplets before discharge of the
waste gas (demister or a last dry field)
1.10.8. E m i s s i o n s f r o m c u t t i n g , g r i n d i n g , p o l i s h i n g o p e r a t i o n s
Technique Description
Performing dusty operations (e.g. cutting, Water is generally used as a coolant for cutting, grinding and
grinding, polishing) under liquid
polishing operations and for preventing dust emissions. An extraction
system equipped with a mist eliminator may be necessary

---

L 70/62
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
8.3.2012
Technique Description
Applying a bag filter system
The use of bag filters is suitable for the reduction of both dust and
metal emissions since metals from downstream processes are largely
contained in particulate form
Minimising the losses of polishing product by Acid polishing is performed by immersion of the glass articles in a
ensuring a good sealing of the application system polishing bath of hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids. The release of
fumes may be minimised by a good design and maintenance of
the application system in order to minimise losses
Applying a secondary technique, e.g. wet Wet scrubbing with water is used for the treatment of waste gases,
scrubbing
due to the acidic nature of the emissions and the high solubility of
the gaseous pollutants to be removed
1.10.9. H 2 S , V O C e m i s s i o n s
Waste gas incineration The
technique
consists
of
an
afterburner
system
which
oxidises
the
hydrogen
sulphide
(generated by strong reducing conditions in the melting furnace) to sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
Volatile organic compounds are thermally incinerated with consequent oxidation to carbon
dioxide, water and other combustion products (e.g. NO X , SO X )

---

Document Outline

• �

---