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European
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DECISIONS
COUNCIL DECISION
of 19 December 2011
concerning the Framework Programme of the European Atomic Energy Community for nuclear
research and training activities (2012 to 2013)
(2012/93/Euratom)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
(4) The
Framework
Programme
should
contribute
to
the
implementation of the Innovation Union, one of the
Europe 2020 flagship initiatives adopted by the Council
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Atomic
conclusions at its meeting on 25 and 26 November
Energy Community, and in particular Article 7 thereof,
2010, by enhancing competition for scientific excellence
and accelerating the deployment of key innovations in
Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission
the nuclear energy field, notably in fusion and nuclear
submitted after consultation of the Scientific and Technical
safety, and contribute to tackling energy and climate
Committee,
change challenges.
Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament ( 1 ),
(5)
In the context of the Energy Policy for Europe, the
European Council at its meeting on 8 and 9 March
Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and
2007 confirmed that it is for each and every Member
Social Committee (
State to decide whether or not to rely on nuclear energy

2 ),
and stressed that this has to be done while further
improving nuclear safety and the management of radio
Whereas:
active waste. It is also acknowledged that nuclear energy
has, for the time being, the role of a ‘bridging technology’
(1) Joint national and European efforts in the area of
in certain Member States.
research and training are essential to promote and
ensure economic growth and the well-being of citizens
(6) Notwithstanding
the
potential
impact
of
nuclear
energy
in Europe.
on energy supply and economic development, severe
nuclear accidents may have a potential to endanger
(2) The
Framework
Programme
of
the
European
Atomic
human health. Therefore, under the Framework
Energy Community for nuclear research and training
Programme, nuclear safety and, where appropriate,
activities (2012–2013) (hereinafter ‘the Framework
security aspects should be given greatest possible
Programme’) should complement other European Union
attention. The security aspects of the Framework
actions in the area of research policy that are necessary
Programme should be limited to the direct actions of
for implementing the Europe 2020 strategy adopted by
the Joint Research Centre (JRC).
the European Council on 17 June 2010, in particular
those on education, training, competitiveness and inno
vation, industry, employment, and the environment.
(7) The
European
Strategic
Energy
Technology
Plan
(SET
Plan), set out in the Council conclusions of
28 February 2008, is accelerating the development of a
(3) The
Framework
Programme
should
build
on
the
achiev
portfolio of low carbon technologies. The European
ements of the Seventh Framework Programme adopted
Council agreed, at the meeting on 4 February 2011,
by Council Decision 2006/970/Euratom of 18 December
that the Union and its Member States would promote
2006 concerning the Seventh Framework Programme of
investment in renewables, safe and sustainable low
the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for
carbon technologies and focus on implementing the
nuclear research and training activities (2007 to
technology priorities established in the SET Plan.
2011) ( 3 ), whilst including necessary reinforced
emphasis on nuclear safety contributing to reorientation
of nuclear research. It should also contribute to the
(8)
The Community has created a single and fully integrated
creation of the European Research Area and towards
fusion research programme that has taken a leading
the development of a knowledge economy and society
international role in the development of fusion as a
in Europe.
source of energy.
( 1 ) Opinion of 17 November 2011 (not yet published in the Official
(9) Following
the
Council
Decision
of
20
December
2005,
Journal). Opinion delivered following non-compulsory consultation.
the Community acceded to the Framework Agreement
( 2 ) OJ C 318, 29.10.2011, p. 127. Opinion delivered following non-
compulsory consultation.
for International Collaboration on Research and Devel
( 3 ) OJ L 400, 30.12.2006. p. 60.
opment of Generation-IV International Forum (GIF) on

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11 May 2006. The GIF coordinates multilateral
competence. The JRC should notably have the necessary
cooperation in pre-conceptual design research on a
capacity to provide independent scientific and technical
number of advanced nuclear systems also aiming at satis
expertise in the field of nuclear incidents and accidents.
factorily addressing nuclear safety, waste, proliferation
and public perception concerns, relevant for the
Framework Programme.
(17) The
international
and global dimension of European
research activities is important with a view to obtain
mutual benefits. The Framework Programme should be
(10) The Council Conclusions on the need for skills in the
open to the participation of countries that have
nuclear field, adopted at its meeting held on 1 and
concluded the necessary agreements to this effect, and
2 December 2008, recognise that it is essential to
should also be open, at project level and on the basis
maintain within the Community a high level of
of mutual benefit, to the participation of entities from
training in the nuclear field.
third countries and of international organisations for
scientific cooperation.
(11) In 2010, the Commission received the final reports on
an external assessment of implementation and results of
the Community activities in nuclear research over the
(18) The
Framework
Programme
should
contribute
to
the
period 2007-2009, covering both direct and indirect
enlargement of the Union by providing scientific and
actions.
technological support to the candidate countries for
their implementation of the Union acquis and for their
integration within the European Research Area.
(12) The realisation of the International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER) in Europe, in accordance
with the Agreement of 21 November 2006 on the estab
(19) The
Communication
from
the
Commission
of
26
March
lishment of the ITER International Fusion Energy Organi
2009 on nuclear non-proliferation, recognises the role of
sation for the joint implementation of the ITER
the JRC in the field of nuclear security research and
project ( 1 ), should be the central feature of fusion
training.
research activities under the Framework Programme.
(20) Appropriate
measures
should
also
be
taken
to
prevent
(13) The Community activities to help realise ITER, in
particular to construct ITER at Cadarache and carry out
irregularities and fraud and to recover funds lost,
the ITER technology research and development during
wrongly paid or incorrectly used, in accordance with
the Framework Programme are to be steered by the
Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 2988/95 of
European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the Devel
18 December 1995 on the protection of the European
opment of Fusion Energy (Fusion for Energy), in
Communities financial interests ( 4 ), Council Regulation
accordance with Council Decision 2007/198/Euratom
(Euratom, EC) No 2185/96 of 11 November 1996
of 27 March 2007 establishing the European Joint
concerning on-the-spot checks and inspections carried
Undertaking for ITER and the Development of Fusion
out by the Commission in order to protect the
Energy and conferring advantages upon it (
European Communities’ financial interests against fraud

2 ).
and other irregularities
( 5 ) and Council Regulation
(Euratom) No 1074/1999 of 25 May 1999 concerning
(14) Research activities supported by the Framework
investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud
Programme should respect fundamental ethical prin
Office (OLAF) ( 6 ),
ciples, including those reflected in the Charter of Funda
mental Rights of the European Union.
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
(15) This
Decision
should
establish,
for
the
entire
duration
of
the Framework Programme, a financial envelope that
Article 1
constitutes the prime reference, within the meaning of
point 37 of the Interinstitutional Agreement between the
Adoption of the Framework Programme
European Parliament, the Council and the Commission of
A multiannual framework programme for nuclear research and
17 May 2006 on budgetary discipline and sound
training activities (hereinafter the ‘Framework Programme’), is
financial management ( 3 ), for the budgetary authority
adopted for the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December
during the annual budgetary procedure.
2013.
(16) The
JRC
should
contribute
to
providing
customer-driven
scientific and technological support for the formulation,
Article 2
development, implementation and monitoring of the
Objectives
Union’s policies with an enhanced focus on safety and
security research. In this regard, the JRC should continue
1. The
Framework
Programme
shall
pursue
the
general
to function as an independent reference centre of science
objectives set out in Article 1 and Article 2(a) of the Treaty
and technology in the Union in the areas of its specific
with special consideration of nuclear safety, security and
( 1 ) OJ L 358, 16.12.2006, p. 62.
( 4 ) OJ L 312, 23.12.1995, p. 1.
( 2 ) OJ L 90, 30.3.2007, p. 58.
( 5 ) OJ L 292, 15.11.1996, p. 2.
( 3 ) OJ C 139, 14.6.2006, p. 1.
( 6 ) OJ L 136, 31.5.1999, p. 8.

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radiation protection, while contributing towards the creation of
Article 4
the Innovation Union and building on the European Research
Area.
Protection of the Union’s financial interests
For Community actions financed under this Decision, Regu
2. The
Framework
Programme
shall
cover
Community lations (EC, Euratom) No 2988/95 and (Euratom, EC) No
research, technological development, international cooperation,
2185/96 shall apply to any infringement of a provision of
dissemination of technical information, exploitation activities
Union law, including the infringement of a contractual
and training, to be set out in two specific programmes.
obligation under the Framework Programme, resulting from
an act or omission by an economic operator, which has, or
3. The
first
specific
programme
shall
cover
the
following would have, the effect of prejudicing the general budget of
indirect actions:
the European Union or budgets managed by it as a result of
an unjustified item of expenditure.
(a) fusion energy research, with the objective of developing the
technology for a safe, sustainable, environmentally
Article 5
responsible and economically viable energy source;
Fundamental ethical principles
(b) nuclear fission, safety and radiation protection, with the
All the research activities carried out under the Framework
objective of enhancing the safety of nuclear fission and
Programme shall be carried out in compliance with fundamental
other uses of radiation in industry, in medicine and in
ethical principles.
improving the management of radioactive waste.
Article 6
4. The
second
specific
programme
shall
cover
the
direct
research activities of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in the
Monitoring, assessment and review
field of nuclear waste management, environmental impact,
1. The
Commission
shall
continually
and
systematically
safety and security.
monitor the implementation of the Framework Programme
and its specific programmes and regularly report and
5. The objectives and broad lines of the two specific
disseminate the results of this monitoring. In early 2013, a
programmes are set out in Annex I.
specific monitoring report shall be presented to the Council,
dedicated to the implementation of nuclear safety and security
Article 3
activities of the Framework Programme.
Maximum amount and shares assigned to each specific
programme
2. Following the completion of the Framework Programme,
the Commission shall, by 31 December 2015, have an external
The maximum amount for the implementation of the
evaluation carried out by independent experts of its rationale,
Framework Programme shall be EUR 2 560 270 000. This
implementation and achievements. The Commission shall
amount shall be distributed as follows:
communicate the conclusions thereof, accompanied by its
observations, to the European Parliament, the Council, the
(a) for the specific programme, referred to in Article 2(3), to be
European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee
carried out by means of indirect actions:
of the Regions.
— fusion energy
EUR 2 208 809 000 ( 1 ),
Article 7
research
Entry into force
— nuclear fission, safety,
EUR 118 245 000;
This Decision shall enter into force on the third day following
and radiation protection
its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
(b) for the specific programme, referred to in Article 2(4), to be
carried out by means of direct actions:
Done at Brussels, 19 December 2011.
— nuclear activities
EUR 233 216 000.
of the JRC
For the Council
The detailed rules for Community financial participation in the
The President
Framework Programme are set out in Annex II.
M. KOROLEC
( 1 ) Within this total amount, sufficient funding will be reserved for
activities other than the construction of ITER listed in Annex I.

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ANNEX I
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES, THEMES AND ACTIVITIES
INTRODUCTION
The Framework Programme is organised in two parts corresponding to the ‘indirect’ actions on fusion energy research
and nuclear fission and radiation protection, and the ‘direct’ research activities of the JRC.
I.A. FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH
Objective
Developing the knowledge base for, and realising ITER as a major step towards, the creation of prototype reactors for
power stations that are safe, sustainable, environmentally responsible, and economically viable.
Rationale
Fusion has the potential to make a major contribution to the realisation of a sustainable and secure energy supply for the
Union a few decades from now. Its successful development would provide energy which is safe, sustainable and
environmentally friendly. The long-term goal of European fusion research, embracing all the fusion activities in the
Member States and associated third countries, is the joint creation of prototype reactors for power stations which meet
these requirements, and are economically viable.
The first priority of the strategy to achieve the long-term goal is the construction of ITER (a major experimental facility
which will demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion power), followed by the construction of a
demonstration fusion power plant (DEMO). ITER construction will be accompanied by a focused programme of
supporting R & D for ITER and limited activities on the technologies and physics required for DEMO.
The global dimension of fusion R & D is embodied in the Agreement of 21 November 2006 on the establishment of the
ITER International Fusion Energy Organisation for the joint implementation of the ITER project and the Agreement
between the Government of Japan and the Community for the Joint Implementation of the Broader Approach Activities
in the Field of Fusion Energy Research ( 1 ).
International cooperation is also pursued within eight bilateral fusion Cooperation Agreements in force between the
Community and third countries.
Activities
1. The realisation of ITER
This includes activities for the joint realisation of ITER, in particular governance of the ITER International Organisation
and the European Joint Undertaking for ITER, management and staffing, general technical and administrative support,
construction of equipment and installations and support for the project during construction.
2. R & D in preparation of ITER operation
A focused physics and technology programme will exploit the Joint European Torus (JET) and other ITER-relevant
magnetic confinement devices. It will assess specific key ITER technologies, consolidate ITER project choices, and
prepare for ITER operation.
3. Limited technology activities in preparation of DEMO
Fusion materials and key technologies for fusion will be further developed, and the work of the team preparing for the
construction of the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) will continue.
4. R & D activities for the longer term
There will be limited activities on improved concepts for magnetic confinement schemes (focused on the preparation
for operation of the W7-X stellarator device), and theory and modelling aimed at a comprehensive understanding of
fusion plasmas.
5. Human resources, education and training
In view of the immediate and medium term needs of ITER, and for the further development of fusion, initiatives aimed
at training the ‘ITER Generation’, in terms of numbers, range of skills and high-level training and experience will be
pursued.
( 1 ) OJ L 246, 21.9.2007, p. 34.

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6. Infrastructures
ITER will be a new research infrastructure with a strong European dimension.
7. Industry and technology transfer processes
New organisational structures are needed for swift transfer of innovations deriving from ITER to European industry.
This will be a task of the Fusion Industry Innovation Forum which will develop a fusion technology roadmap and
human resource development initiatives, with an emphasis on innovation and potential for providing new products
and services.
I.B. NUCLEAR FISSION, SAFETY, AND RADIATION PROTECTION
Objective
Establishing a sound scientific and technical basis in order to accelerate practical developments for the safer management
of long-lived radioactive waste, enhancing in particular the safety ( 1 ), while contributing to resource efficiency and cost-
effectiveness of nuclear energy and ensuring a robust and socially acceptable system of protection of man and the
environment against the effects of ionising radiation.
Rationale
Nuclear power constitutes an element in the debate on combating climate change and reducing Europe’s dependence on
imported energy. In the broader context of finding a sustainable energy-mix for the future, the Framework Programme
will also contribute through its research activities to the debate on the benefits and the limitations of nuclear fission
energy for a low-carbon economy. Through ensuring even higher safety levels, more advanced nuclear technologies could
also offer the prospect of significant improvements in efficiency and use of resources and producing less waste than
current designs. Nuclear safety aspects will receive the greatest possible attention.
Efforts are still required to ensure a continuation of the Community’s outstanding safety record and the improvement of
radiation protection continues to be a priority area. The key issues are operational reactor safety and management of
long-lived waste, both of which are being addressed through continued work at the technical level, though allied political
and societal inputs are also required. In all uses of radiation, throughout industry and medicine alike, the overriding
principle is the protection of man and the environment. All thematic domains to be addressed here are characterised by
an overriding concern to ensure high levels of safety.
Three major European cooperative initiatives in nuclear science and technology have been launched since the start of the
Seventh Euratom Framework Programme. They are the Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform (SNETP), the
Implementing Geological Disposal Technology Platform (IGDTP) and the Multidisciplinary European Low-Dose Initiative
(MELODI). The activities of both SNETP and IGDTP correspond very closely with strategic energy technology plan
priorities, and a core group of SNETP organisations are responsible for implementing ESNII, the European Sustainable
Nuclear Industrial Initiative. They encompass activities within the scope of the Framework Programme, notably in so far
as nuclear safety is concerned.
There is increasing interaction between SNETP, IGDTP and MELODI and other stakeholder forums at the Union level,
such as the European Nuclear Energy Forum (ENEF) and the European Nuclear Safety Regulators Group (ENSREG), and
further synergies will be sought as appropriate through framework programme activities whilst recalling that the devel
opment of industrial products and services should be funded by the industry itself.
The Framework Programme is characterised by an overriding concern to promote high levels of safety, taking also into
consideration the international context. It will also continue to support initiatives to ensure that facilities, training and
training opportunities in Europe remain appropriate in view of current orientations of national programmes and in the
best interests of the Union as a whole, in particular as regards nuclear safety and radiation protection. This, more than
anything else, will ensure that an appropriate safety culture is maintained.
Activities
1. Management of ultimate radioactive waste
Implementation-oriented research activities on remaining key aspects of deep geological disposal of spent fuel and
long-lived radioactive waste with, as appropriate, demonstration of the technologies and safety, and to underpin
development of a common European view on the main issues related to waste management from discharge to
disposal.
( 1 ) Any nuclear security research activities are covered under heading II ‘Nuclear activities of the Joint Research Centre (JRC)’.

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2. Reactor systems
Research to underpin the safe operation of all relevant reactor systems (including fuel cycle facilities) in use in Europe
or, to the extent necessary in order to maintain broad nuclear safety expertise in Europe, those reactor types which
may be used in the future, focusing exclusively on safety aspects, including all aspects of the fuel cycle such as
partitioning and transmutation. Accompanying measures to contribute to the debate on a sustainable energy mix in
Europe.
3. Radiation protection
Research, in particular on the risks from low doses, medical uses and the management of accidents, to provide a
scientific basis for a robust, equitable and socially acceptable system of protection, taking also into consideration the
benefits of the uses of radiation in medicine and industry.
4. Infrastructures
Support for the use and continued availability of, and cooperation between, key research infrastructures in the priority
thematic areas above.
5. Human resources and training
Support for the retention and further development of scientific competence and human capacity in order to guarantee
the availability of suitably qualified researchers, engineers and employees in the nuclear sector over the longer term.
II. NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES OF THE JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE (JRC)
Objective
The JRC Nuclear Specific Programme aims at satisfying the R & D obligations of the Treaty, with special emphasis on
nuclear safety and radiation protection, and supporting both Commission and Member States in the fields of safeguards
and non-proliferation, waste management, safety of nuclear installations and fuel cycle, radioactivity in the environment
and radiation protection. The JRC shall further strengthen its role of a European reference for the dissemination of
information, training and education for professionals and young scientists, notably in the areas of nuclear safety and
security, and radiation protection.
Rationale
There is a clear need for developing knowledge, skills and competence to provide the required scientific state of the art
independent and reliable expertise in support to the Union’s policies in the domains of nuclear reactor and fuel cycles
safety, nuclear safeguards and security. The customer driven support to the Union’s policy underlined in the JRC’s mission
will be complemented with a proactive role within the European Research Area in undertaking high quality research
activities in close contact with industry and other bodies and developing networks with public and private institutions in
the Member States.
Activities
1. Nuclear waste management and environmental impact will focus on reducing uncertainties and solving open issues in
waste disposal, in order to develop effective solutions for the management of high level nuclear waste following the
two major options (direct disposal or partitioning and transmutation). Activities will also be developed to enhance the
understanding and modelling of the physics, chemistry and fundamental properties of actinide materials, and the
database of high accuracy nuclear reference data, for nuclear energy and non-nuclear applications (e.g. medical). To
extend the radiological protection effort, further development of environmental models of radioisotope dispersion
coupled with monitoring tests in environmental radioactivity in support to the harmonisation of the national moni
toring process and systems will be carried out.
2. Nuclear safety will contribute to the implementation of research on safety of fuel cycles, focusing predominantly on
reactor safety of present reactors in the Union. Research will also address reactor safety of new innovative designs,
safety and safeguard aspects of innovative fuel cycles, extended burn-up or of new types of fuels. It will also pursue the
development of safety requirements and advanced evaluation methods for reactor systems of relevance to nuclear
safety in Europe. In addition the JRC will coordinate the European contribution to the Generation IV International
Forum R & D initiative, by acting as integrator and disseminating research in this area. Furthermore, it will provide
scientific expertise regarding nuclear incidents and accidents.
3. Nuclear security, will further support the accomplishment of Community commitments, in particular development of
methods for the control of the fuel cycle facilities, the implementation of the additional protocol including environ
mental sampling and integrated safeguards, and the prevention of the diversion of nuclear and radioactive materials
associated with illicit trafficking of such materials including the nuclear forensics.

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ANNEX II
FUNDING SCHEMES
Subject to the rules for participation established for the implementation of the Framework Programme, the Community
will support research and technological development activities, including demonstration activities in the specific
programmes, through a range of funding schemes. These schemes will be used, either alone or in combination, to
fund different categories of actions implemented throughout the Framework Programme.
1. FUNDING SCHEMES IN FUSION ENERGY
In the field of fusion energy research, the particular nature of such activities requires specific arrangements. Financial
support will be given to activities carried out on the basis of procedures set out in:
1.1. Contracts of Association, between the Commission and Member States or fully associated third countries or between
the Commission and entities within Member States or fully associated third countries for the execution of part of the
Community fusion energy research programme in accordance to Article 10 of the Treaty;
1.2. the European Fusion Development Agreement, a multilateral agreement concluded between the Commission and
organisations in, or acting for, Member States and associated third countries to provide, among other things, a
framework for further research on fusion technology in associated organisations and in industry, the use of JET
facilities and the European contribution to international cooperation;
1.3. the European Joint Undertaking for ITER, based on Articles 45 to 51 of the Treaty;
1.4. international agreements between the Community and third countries covering activities in the field of fusion energy
research and development, in particular the ITER and the Broader Approach Agreements;
1.5. any other multilateral agreement concluded between the Community and associated organisations, in particular the
Agreement on Staff Mobility;
1.6. cost-sharing actions to promote and contribute to fusion energy research with bodies in Member States or third
countries associated with the Framework Programme where there is no Contract of Association.
In addition to the above activities, actions to promote and develop human resources, fellowships, integrated infrastructure
initiatives and specific support actions may be undertaken in particular to coordinate fusion energy research, to undertake
studies in support of these activities and to support publications, information exchange, and training in order to promote
technology transfer.
2. FUNDING SCHEMES IN OTHER FIELDS
The activities in fields other than fusion energy under the Framework Programme will be funded through a range of
funding schemes. These schemes will be used, either alone or in combination, to fund different categories of actions
implemented throughout the Framework Programme.
The decisions on specific programmes, work programmes and calls for proposals will mention, as and when appropriate:
— the type(s) of scheme(s) used to fund different categories of actions,
— the categories of participants (such as research organisations, universities, industry, public authorities) that can benefit
from them,
— the types of activities (research, development, demonstration, training, dissemination, transfer of knowledge and other
related activities) that can be funded.
Where different funding schemes can be used, the work programmes may specify the funding scheme to be used for the
topic on which proposals are invited.

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The funding schemes are as follows:
(a) To support actions that are primarily implemented on the basis of calls for proposals:
1. Collaborative projects
Support for research projects carried out by consortia with participants from different countries, aiming to develop
new knowledge, new technology, products or common resources for research. The size, scope and internal
organisation of projects can vary from field to field and from topic to topic. Projects can range from small or
medium-scale focused research actions to larger integrating projects that mobilise a significant volume of resources
for achieving a defined objective. Support for the training and career development of researchers will be included
in project work plans.
2. Networks of excellence
Support for joint research programmes implemented by a number of research organisations integrating their
activities in a given field and carried out by research teams under longer-term cooperation. The implementation
of these joint research programmes will require the formal commitment of such organisations. Support for training
and career development of researchers will be included in project work plans.
3. Coordination and support actions
Support for activities to coordinate coordinating or supporting research (networking, exchanges, transnational
access to research infrastructures, studies, conferences, contributions during construction of new infrastructure,
etc.) or to promote the development of human resources (e.g. networking and setting up training schemes). These
actions may also be implemented by means other than calls for proposals.
(b) To support actions implemented on the basis of decisions by the Council, following a proposal from the Commission,
the Community will provide financial support to multi-financed large-scale initiatives as follows:
— a financial contribution to the implementation of joint undertakings on the basis of the procedures and provisions
set out in Articles 45 to 51 of the Treaty,
— a financial contribution to the development of new infrastructures of European interest.
The Community will implement the funding schemes in compliance with the provisions of Council Regulation (Euratom)
No 139/2012 of 19 December 2011 laying down the rules for the participation of undertakings, research centres and
universities in indirect actions under the Framework Programme of the European Atomic Energy Community and for the
dissemination of research results (2012 to 2013) ( 1 ), as regards the rules for the participation of undertakings, research
centres and universities, the relevant State aid instruments, in particular the framework for State aid to research and
development, as well as international rules in this area. In compliance with this international framework, the scale and
form of financial participation will need to be considered on a case-by-case basis, in particular if funding from other
public sector sources is available, including other sources of Union financing such as the European Investment Bank.
For participants in an indirect action pursued in a region lagging in development (convergence regions as defined in
Article 5 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1083/2006 of 11 July 2006 laying down general provisions on the European
Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion Fund ( 2 ), including regions eligible for funding
from the Structural Funds under the Convergence objective and regions eligible for funding from the Cohesion Fund, and
outermost regions), complementary funding from the Structural Funds will be mobilised wherever possible and appro
priate.
3. DIRECT ACTIONS — JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE
The Community will have activities implemented by the JRC, which are referred to as direct actions, in accordance with
Council Decision 2012/95/Euratom of 19 December 2011 concerning the specific programme, to be carried out by
means of direct actions by the Joint Research Centre, implementing the Framework Programme of the European Atomic
Energy Community for nuclear research and training activities (2012 to 2013) ( 3 ).
( 1 ) See page 1 of this Official Journal.
( 2 ) OJ L 210, 31.7.2006, p. 25.
( 3 ) See page 40 of this Official Journal.

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